铜尾矿污染土壤几种牧草的重金属抗性及微生物群落功能多样性研究

Copper （Cu） mine tailings, because of their high content of heavy metals, are usually hostile to plant colonization. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the tolerance of four forage grasses to heavy metals in Cu mine tailings and to examine the variation in the microbial functional diversity of soils from the tailing sites in southern China. All the four grass species survived on Cu mine tailings and Cu mine tailing-soil mixture. However, on pure mine tailings, the growth was minimal, whereas the growth was maximum for the control without mine tailings. The tolerance of grasses to heavy metals followed the sequence： Paspalum notatum 〉 Festuea arundinaeea 〉 Lolium perenne 〉 Cynodon daetylon. The planting of forage grasses enhanced the soil microbial biomass. The Biolog data indicated that the soil microbial metabolic profile values （average well color development, community richness, and Shannon index） of the four forage grasses also followed the sequence： P. notatum 〉 F. arundinaeea 〉 L. perenne 〉 C. daetylon. Thus, P. notatum, under the experimental conditions of this study, may be considered as the preferred plant species for revegetation of Cu mine tailing areas.     

柳杉人工林采伐后不同土地利用类型初期土壤有机碳变化

运用空间代替时间的方法研究了25年生柳杉人工林(对照)采伐后形成的柳杉人工幼龄林、经济林、苗圃地、皆伐迹地、农耕地5种土地利用类型初期土壤有机碳含量和碳储量变化。结果表明,5种土地利用类型和对照的土壤有机碳含量和碳储量均随土层的加深而降低;除经济林外,苗圃地、柳杉人工幼龄林、农耕地和皆伐迹地的土壤平均有机碳含量分别比对照降低了10.8%,28.1%,37.8%,40.1%;5种不同土地利用类型土壤碳储量排序为:皆伐迹地(214.2±17.0 t C/hm2)>经济林(191.3±13.4 t C/hm2)>柳杉人工幼龄林(173.5±15.1t C/hm2)>苗圃地(171.9±9.2 t C/hm2)>农耕地(132.7±12.1 t C/hm2),分别比对照(272.9±21.8 t C/hm2)减少了21.5%,29.9%,36.4%,37.0%,51.4%。人工林采伐后形成的不同土地利用类型,土壤有机碳含量和碳储量减小的程度与采伐后紧接着采取的人为措施有关。     

Soil and phosphorus redistribution along a steep tea plantation in the Feitsui reservoir catchment of northern Taiwan

Feitsui reservoir, the major water supply of Taipei city, has shown declining water quality in recent years. The reservoir is located in an area famous for tea cultivation, and the question arises as to whether the hillside tea plantations have contributed to increased sediment and nutrient discharge into the reservoir. In this study, soil and phosphorus redistribution were examined along a steep tea plantation in the reservoir's catchment and the provenance of reservoir sediment was assessed. Fallout radionuclides were used as soil erosion/deposition tracers and as markers of sediment sources. Continuous fertilizer application has raised (inorganic) phosphorus levels in the studied tea plantation. The plantation's narrow bench terraces trap eroded material and slow down soil and nutrient translocation. Nevertheless, eroded soil and phosphorus have accumulated on a vegetated toeslope below the tea plantation. The reservoir sediment contained significant amounts of inorganic phosphorus and cesium-137, and application of a mixing model resulted in a surface soil contribution of approximately 30%. This points towards tea plantations as possible sediment and pollutant sources and underlines the necessity of soil conservation strategies, such as the maintenance of vegetated riparian buffer zones. However, other sources, such as landslide debris and urban wastewaters, cannot be entirely ruled out. Further research is needed to better characterize the catchment's soils and sediments and to improve sediment fingerprinting efforts. Potential point and non-point pollution sources need to be examined in detail to better understand how phosphorus enters the reservoir.     

黑曲霉发酵滤液杀食用菌线虫活性初探

对灭菌的黑曲霉发酵滤液杀线虫作用进行了研究,找到经济有效的发酵滤液培养基为豆芽汁培养基。不同浓度、不同pH值的发酵滤液均能影响其杀线效果。pH为3．0的发酵滤液原液,杀线作用及抑制线虫虫卵孵化均达100％;当pH调为5．0时,杀线校正死亡率仍达73．90％;pH5．5时,杀线校正死亡率下降到8．15％。发酵滤液原液稀释到4倍液时,杀线校正死亡率仍达60．47％;稀释6倍液时下降至25．92％。在蘑菇栽培的防治线虫试验中,蘑菇栽培料添加发酵滤液后能减少线虫的数量,同时还具有促进菌丝生长的作用;仅加发酵滤液处理比未加发酵滤液及线虫处理的生物转化率提高76．30％,加发酵滤液及线虫处理比仅加线虫处理的则提高81．41％。     

蛋氨酸硒对牛营养物质代谢和生化指标的影响

选用16头体重420kg、年龄2.5岁西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用随机区组设计分为4组,以蛋氨酸硒为硒源,在基础日粮中分别添加硒0、0.3、0.6和0.9mg/kg,研究蛋氨酸硒对西门塔尔牛营养物质消化代谢和理化指标的影响。结果表明,0.3和0.6mg/kg组日粮的有机物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维消化率显著高于对照(P<0.05);0.6和0.9mg/kg组的消化氮、沉积氮和氮利用率显著高于对照(P<0.05);0.6mg/kg组的硒、钙、磷、锰、铜、钼的存留率显著提高(P<0.05),锌和硫的存留率无显著差异;0.6mg/kg组的血清甘油三酯、血糖、白蛋白、总蛋白、GPT、GOT、GSH-px和GSH均显著高于对照(P<0.05)。0.6和0.9mg/kg组丙二醛含量显著低于对照(P<0.05);0.6mg/kg组血清硒含量显著高于对照(P<0.05)。日粮加硒0.6mg/kg显著改善日粮营养物质消化代谢,提高了机体抗氧化能力,建议以蛋氨酸硒为硒源时日粮加硒0.60mg/kg。     

四川盆地紫色土N,P损失载体及其影响因子

农业面源污染对环境的压力越来越大,已引起国内外广泛重视。利用人工降雨装置模拟3种不同强度的降雨,采用模拟径流小区研究了雨强及耕作措施对紫色土N,P损失量及载体的影响。结果表明:在耕作方式相同时,雨强越大,地表径流量越大,地下径流量减少,总径流量增加,不利于土壤保蓄雨水和含水量的提高。在相同雨强条件下,平作的地表径流量最大,土壤侵蚀也最剧烈。横坡垄作在中小雨强条件下控制地表径流和侵蚀的效果非常明显,但在大雨强条件下,控制径流和泥沙的效果减弱;横坡垄作有增加地下径流和N流失量的趋势。在本试验条件下,有约1%的化肥N(速效N)被雨水淋洗出土体并排放到环境中;而速效P的流失量只占化肥P的3/10000~10/10000,流失量很微小。紫色土坡耕地P流失载体是泥沙,流失量更易受雨强的影响,要控制P流失,首先应防止土壤侵蚀;横坡垄作能有效控制土壤侵蚀,因此,也能较好控制P流失。紫色土坡耕地N流失载体在雨强较小时是径流,径流中又以壤中流为主,要控制N流失,首先必须控制壤中流;传统横坡垄作会加大壤中流量,也就加大了N流失。全面控制紫色土的N,P损失,必须采用控蚀耕作、增厚土层、提升土壤有机质等措施。     

金沙江攀枝花河段生态系统服务功能价值计算

本文应用市场价值法、旅行费用法和替代工程法等方法和前人的研究成果,对金沙江攀枝花河段的生态系统服务功能价值进行了计算。计算得出金沙江攀枝花河段的生态系统服务功能经济价值总量为280．62亿元／a,相当于攀枝花市2003年GDP的1．11倍,其中河流生态系统服务功能价值约为河流生态系统产品功能价值的28．45倍。各项功能的价值量中。贮水功能的价值量最大,为268．27亿元／a;提供生境的功能价值量最小。为0．02亿元／a。经过分析。所研究河段的贮水功能是其核心服务功能。因此,在河流管理中既要考虑到核心功能的发挥,又要兼顾其他功能的支持作用得以实现,为生态环境保护和可持续发展战略的实施提供重要的决策依据。     

我国特有单种属植物蒜头果的保护与利用研究状况

蒜头果(Malaniaoleifera Chun et S.K Lee)为我国特有单种属树种,被列为国家二级保护植物,仅分布于我国云南、广西两省。调查资料表明蒜头果个体数量急剧下降,现已处于濒危状态。本文概括了我国对蒜头果的保护与开发利用研究状况,分析了在这两个方面存在的问题,并针对问题提出了建议与对策。     

优化实验内容,改进教学方法,提高微生物学实验教学效果

微生物学实验是一门非常重要的基础课实验,在微生物学的教学中占有举足轻重的地位。通过合理地设置实验内容,采用科学的教学方法,提高了教学效果,培养了学生观察、思考、分析和解决问题的综合能力,为学生进一步学习有关专业课程打下良好基础。     

三种辐照方式对黑松花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响

研究了低能氮离子束、紫外线与γ射线辐照对黑松花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响。结果表明,低能氮离子注入对黑松花粉的损伤效应与γ射线和紫外线照射的不同,主要表现在氮离子束剂量-萌发率效应曲线呈"马鞍型"和氮离子束注入诱发花粉管顶端肿胀,这说明低能离子束的作用机制可能与γ射线和紫外线的不同。认为花粉是研究离子注入生物学效应机制的理想模式系统。