化肥减量对麦田土壤微生物量及微生物区系的影响

为了解化肥减量和有机培肥配施对冬小麦田土壤微生物的影响,以单施常量化肥(表示为NPK,分别施尿素、磷酸二铵和硫酸钾251.8、255.7和375.2kg.km-2)为对照,设置不同化肥(不减量、减量30%、减量50%和减量70%)和有机肥(18 000、25 500和34 500kg.km-2,分别用LM、MM和HM表示)配施处理,采用系列稀释平板法和氯仿熏蒸培养法分别测定了不同处理下土壤微生物量碳、氮以及微生物区系分布的差异。结果表明,有机无机肥配施显著增加了麦田土壤微生物量碳、氮以及细菌、固氮菌、放线菌等微生物数量,但不影响土壤真菌数量。施肥效果在化肥不减量时随有机肥施用量增加呈上升趋势,在化肥减量时以50%NPK+MM处理最佳。说明化肥适度减量和配施有机肥能够改善土壤微生物量,有利于提高土壤肥力。     

有机培肥化肥减量对夏玉米含碳率及固碳量影响

为探讨不同施肥措施对玉米固碳能力的影响,以传统施肥为对照,设置化肥减量增施有机肥和秸秆6个处理,在玉米抽穗期、吐丝期和成熟期取样,分析不同器官含碳率和固碳量的差异。结果表明,不同生育期玉米植株器官含碳率有差异,地上器官(叶、茎、籽粒等)含碳率显著高于地下器官(根)。化肥减量30%增施有机肥和化肥减量30%增施秸秆2个处理相对化肥减量50%和化肥减量70%处理能有效提高玉米全株含碳率。化肥减量增施有机肥不仅提高植株收获物籽粒的含碳率,还增加还田产物茎和叶器官的含碳率。对不同处理玉米区域固碳量分析表明,玉米地上部分固碳量显著高于地下部分,化肥减量增施有机肥各处理平均区域固碳量高于化肥减量增施秸秆处理。     

3个构树无性系幼龄材纤维形态和化学成分分析

以人工培育的3个构树无性系幼龄材为试验材料,对其纤维形态和化学成分进行测定和分析,并揭示不同构树无性系幼龄材纤维形态和化学成分的变化规律.结果表明:构树1号木材的纤维长度和长宽比最大,分别为684.95 μm和57.51,构树3号木材的纤维长度和长宽比最小,分别为482.65 μm和34.73;3个构树无性系木材的纤维...     

Are all three components of conservation agriculture necessary for soil conservation in the Sudan Savanna?

ABSTRACT

Conservation agriculture (CA) as recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations consists of three components: minimum soil disturbance, soil cover, and crop rotation/association. CA was expected to become an effective countermeasure against water erosion in the Sudan Savanna, but it has not been adopted by local smallholder farmers. As markets for grain legumes (including cowpea) have not been developed in the Sudan Savanna, crop rotation/association should be considered impractical for these farmers. Therefore, we examined whether legume intercropping as a crop rotation/association component is necessary for preventing soil erosion in the Sudan Savanna. Three-year field experiments were conducted in runoff plots at Institute of Environment and Agricultural Research Saria station. The four treatments were conventional practice (full tillage, no sorghum residue mulching, and no intercropping), two-component CA (minimum tillage (MT) and sorghum residue mulching without intercropping), and three-component CA with velvet bean (VB) or pigeon pea (PP) intercropping. It was revealed that: (1) MT and sorghum residue mulching (without intercropping) effectively reduced the annual soil loss by 54% mainly due to the improvement of soil permeability by the boring of termites and wolf spiders found under the sorghum stover mulch; (2) intercropping in combination with MT and crop residue mulching had no effect on soil erosion control mainly because: (a) PP did not survive the long dry season; (b) VB did not serve effectively as a cover crop since soil loss was concentrated at the beginning of the rainy season when VB was still too small; (c) unexpectedly, in combination with MT and crop residue mulching, intercropping with VB did not increase mulch biomass, especially sorghum biomass which prompts the boring of termites and wolf spiders. These results demonstrate that the third component of CA, namely legume intercropping, is not always necessary; rather, the two remaining components – minimum soil disturbance and soil cover – are sufficient for soil conservation in the Sudan Savanna. This finding lightens the burden of adopting CA and thus facilitates its future promotion to the smallholder farmers in the Sudan Savanna.     

Genetic diversity within two Tunisian wild jirds: Meriones shawi and Meriones libycus (Rodentia,Gerbillinae)

Three Meriones species inhabit Tunisia, namely M. shawi, M. libycus and M. crassus, but little genetic data exist on these gerbils. We collected Meriones from eight localities in Tunisia, and obtained mitochondrial (cytochrome b) and nuclear (IRBP) gene sequence data for 37 and 13 specimens, respectively, belonging to two species: M. shawi and M. libycus. We also optimised three microsatellite markers previously described in M. unguiculatus to obtain a finer analysis of their genetic diversity and geographic structure, given their wide distribution. Phylogenetic inferences of cyt b and IRBP data for these species, in the context of other gerbillin data, corroborate their taxonomic affinities reported by previous studies. High cyt b haplotype diversity was observed in both species (25 haplotypes in 29 and 27 sequences for M. shawi and M. libycus, respectively) with little geographical structure for M. shawi but three divergent groups in M. libycus. The average microsatellite diversity within each population was high (H_O ≥ 0.6, H_E ≥ 0.8) with M. libycus populations attaining the highest values. Population differentiation was moderate for several population pairs (F_st ≥ 0.1), the highest being between M. shawi populations. However, genetic distance among populations was not significantly correlated with geographic distance in either M. shawi or M. libycus. Our results contribute to a better characterisation of Tunisian Meriones species, suggesting high geographic structure in mtDNA of M. libycus populations within North Africa.     

黄芪解毒汤诱导乳腺癌细胞凋亡及对β-catenin、C-myc基因表达影响的研究

目的 探讨黄芪解毒汤体外干预人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7凋亡及对β-catenin、C-myc基因表达的影响,及该方抑制乳腺癌复发转移的可能机制。方法 培养MCF-7细胞并将其分为黄芪解毒汤组、阿霉素组及空白对照组。以黄芪解毒汤浓缩液、阿霉素液及细胞培养液分别干预各组MCF-7细胞24h后,以流式细胞仪检测其对MCF-7乳腺癌细胞凋亡的影响,实时荧光定量PCR检测其对β-catenin, C-myc基因表达的影响。结果 与空白对照组比较,黄芪解毒汤组、阿霉素组可明显诱导MCF-7细胞的凋亡（P<0.01）;黄芪解毒汤组及阿霉素组β-catenin、C-myc表达量明显低于空白对照组（P<0.01）。结论 黄芪解毒可诱导乳腺癌细胞MCF-7凋亡,显著降低β-catenin、 C-myc基因表达,该结果为黄芪解毒汤在乳腺癌术后治疗中的应用提供实验依据。     

Spatial variability of soil penetration resistance in an alluvial delta plain under different land uses in middle Black Sea Region of Turkey

The aim of this study was to analyse the soil compaction and its spatial variability on an alluvial plain in K?z?l?rmak River Delta in Turkey, which is an important agricultural area where vegetable, rice, cereals and other crops have been grown under conventional tillage and irrigation over a long period. Penetration resistance (PR) was measured at 5 cm depth intervals between 0 and 40 cm soil depth, and gravimetric water content (GWC), field capacity (FC) and texture were determined for 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm. Penetration resistance values in some parts of the area were higher than the critical value for root growth limitation, the mean PR values at all depths were considerably lower than the critical value despite a relative increase in PR with soil depth. The areas with values greater than 3.0 MPa, except for 0–5 cm, were generally located in the fields with high sand content, especially near the K?z?l?rmak River. In contrast, for 0–5 cm, the areas with PR greater than 3.0 MPa, which is the value accepted for root growth limitation, were usually located in the west and northwest of the study area and had a high clay content.     

日粮添加镁、硒、铬对热应激肉仔鸡血清生化和血液流变学的影响

试验旨在研究热应激情况下镁、硒、铬联合添加对肉仔鸡血清生化指标和血液流变学的影响。选用240只1日龄AA肉公鸡,随机分为4个处理,每个处理6个重复。T1为常温对照组,T2、T3、T4为热应激组。T1、T2饲喂基础日粮,T3、T4在基础日粮中分别添加镁、硒、铬2000、1.5、1.5mg/kg和4000、3.0、3.0mg/kg。结果表明:T3、T4组热应激鸡只死亡率显著降低,血清TP、ALB、GLOB、HDL水平显著升高(P0.05),GLU、BUN、TC含量显著降低(P0.05)。同时,T3、T4组的GPT、CK酶活力及低切变率下的全血黏度均显著降低(P0.05)。试验表明,联合添加镁、硒、铬能有效改善热应激肉鸡的血液生化和血液流变学指标,减轻热应激对机体的损伤,从而降低鸡只死亡率。     

不同比例玫瑰废弃物与小桐子油枯对高温堆肥过程中氮素变化的影响*

 以小桐子油枯为基本原料进行高温堆肥试验,研究了不同比例玫瑰废弃物与小桐子油枯(1∶1,1∶2,1∶5)混合堆肥体系中温度、总氮（TN）、水溶性NH+4-N,水溶性NO-3-N和游离氨基酸的动态变化规律。结果表明,纯小桐子油枯（对照)的NH+4-N, NO-3-N,游离氨基酸在堆肥进程中的浓度最高,以配比1∶5,12,1∶1的顺序浓度依次增加。适当加入玫瑰废弃物（1∶5）,能使TN损失最少,也能增加一定的NH+4-N,NO-3-N,游离氨基酸浓度。     

癸培养基在小麦花药脱分化培养中的应用研究

采用癸、C172种培养基进行了9 a的小麦花药培养脱分化试验,共计接种杂交组合505个。结果表明,癸培养基愈伤组织平均诱导率为5.36%,C17培养基为4.38%,癸培养基比C17培养基的诱导率提高了22.4%,且愈伤组织诱导率较稳定,二者差异达到显著水平。试验表明,癸培养基是适宜于黄淮麦区的小麦花药培养的脱分化培养基。