水稻白叶枯病菌GX1329基因组文库的构建及含编码TAL效应物基因的克隆的分离

由革兰氏阴性细菌水稻白叶枯病菌引起的水稻白叶枯病是亚洲、北美以及非洲部分地区最严重的水稻病害之一,水稻白叶枯病可使水稻减产高达50％以上。研究表明水稻白叶枯病菌的毒力主要依靠三型分泌系统所分泌的效应物。为了解水稻白叶枯病菌广西菌株GX1329中含有avrBs3／pthA家族基因的情况,本研究应用Alu I部分酶切其基因组DNA,构建了含有736个克隆的菌株GX1329的基因组文库。BamHI酶切分析随机挑取的15个文库克隆表明,克隆的外源DNA随机性良好,克隆的最小片段为27．7kb,最大为58．5kb,平均大小为39．9kb,文库克隆容量约为2．8×10^3Mb,该文库中包含基因组中任一个基因的概率为99．4％。利用来自水稻白叶枯病菌菲律宾菌株PX086的无毒基因avrXa10的第252位～第486位核苷酸序列作为探针,通过菌落原位杂交从GX1329基因组文库中筛选到37个含avrBs3／pthA家族基因的克隆。再通过Southern杂交分析,得到了17个独立克隆。这17个克隆中至少含有13个不同的avrBs3／pthA家族基因。这些基因在GX1329基因组中有的单独存在,有的两个或两个以上串联存在。本工作基本上明确了菌株GX1329基因组中avrBs3／pthA家族基因的数量,为进一步研究菌株GX1329中avrBs3／pthA家族基因的功能奠定了基础。     

Novel royal jelly proteins identified by gel-based and gel-free proteomics

Royal jelly (RJ) plays an important role in caste determination of the honeybee; the genetically same female egg develops into either a queen or worker bee depending on the time and amount of RJ fed to the larvae. RJ also has numerous health-promoting properties for humans. Gel-based and gel-free proteomics approaches and high-performance liquid chromatography-chip quadruple time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry were applied to comprehensively investigate the protein components of RJ. Overall, 37 and 22 nonredundant proteins were identified by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis and gel-free analysis, respectively, and 19 new proteins were found by these two proteomics approaches. Major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs) were identified as the principal protein components of RJ, and proteins related to carbohydrate metabolism such as glucose oxidase, α-glucosidase precursor, and glucose dehydrogenase were also successfully identified. Importantly, the 19 newly identified proteins were mainly classified into three functional categories: oxidation-reduction (ergic53 CG6822-PA isoform A isoform 1, Sec61 CG9539-PA, and ADP/ATP translocase), protein binding (regucalcin and translationally controlled tumor protein CG4800-PA isoform 1), and lipid transport (apolipophorin-III-like protein). These new findings not only significantly increase the RJ proteome coverage but also help to provide new knowledge of RJ for honeybee biology and potential use for human health promotion.     

农业院校图书馆网站建设的探讨

对我国25所农业高校图书馆网站的主页元素、内容元素和编程技术等进行比较,分析了存在的缺陷和问题。针对农业高校图书馆网站建设的原则和内容,提出了网站建设的目标定位等原则,建议优化主页设计、丰富信息资源、规范学科导航、提升服务功能、适度设置链接、适时维护更新和应用现代技术手段,并对主页与标识、栏目与层次等提出了具体的建议。     

探析“网络家教”新型课外辅导模式

在网络家教现有教学模式的基础上,通过对网络家教发展状况、优势的调查与分析,借助UC聊天室的教育培训专区,提出了基于Moodle平台的新型网络家教教学模式,为完善现代家教体系、实现终身教育提供了新的思路。     

多尺度高分辨率全球土地覆被遥感产品相对一致性比较

国家及区域尺度的土地覆被信息对于解决环境演变、生物多样性保护、生态系统评价及环境建模等一系列问题起着至关重要的作用。该文从国家及区域尺度分别比较了当前全球2种最高分辨率的土地覆被遥感产品,以便解释两者在空间及专题上的一致性和异质性。结果表明,GLOBCOVER和MODIS2种产品在国家尺度上具有较好的一致性,但在区域尺度上仍有较明显的差异,特别是在中国东北和西南地区;2种产品在林地、灌木、耕地和草地间存在严重的混淆现象;总体精度和Kappa系数在全国尺度和区域尺度有着较大的差异,总体精度值从全国尺度的56.35%降为区域尺度的27.01%,Kappa系数值从全国尺度的47.09%降为区域尺度的16.57%。在全国尺度上东北区域有着最好的一致性,四川盆地的总体一致性最差;MODIS产品的类别均质性百分比明显优于GLOBCOVER,类别一致性百分比与空间一致性之间存在显著的相关性,其决定系数R2为0.724,说明产品间的类别均质性百分比差异越小,两者的空间一致性越高。该研究可为遥感产品的使用者提供准确可信的信息分布,为产品生产者有针对性改进分类算法提供科学合理依据。     

三峡库区农田氨挥发及其消减措施研究进展

从分析农田氨挥发的机理入手,在分析国内外氨挥发研究现状的背景下,综述了三峡库区农田氨挥发受气候、土壤理化性质、田间管理措施等因素的影响程度及其消减措施的研究进展,提出了应将农田氨挥发作为库区气态氮损失的研究重点,同时在研究方法、时空尺度、地域特殊影响因素,以及消减措施等方面进行更深入的探索。     

基于地形校正的植被净初级生产力遥感模拟及分析

植被净初级生产力（NPP）模拟研究对碳平衡监测及深入理解碳循环具有重要意义。高空间分辨率、短重访周期的遥感数据和地形校正成为精准模拟山区植被NPP研究的必然选择。在利用DEM数据对太阳总辐射和气温进行地形校正的基础上,估算了研究区植被吸收光合有效辐射因子、温度胁迫因子、水分胁迫因子和典型植被类型的最大光能利用率,构建了改进的CASABTC估算模型,利用HJ-1CCD数据模拟了2009年大别山区植被的NPP,并探讨了其时空变化特征。结果表明：1）由该文模拟值与MOD17A3的精度验证结果分析,基于地形校正的CASABTC模型和HJ-1数据适合精确模拟山区植被的NPP;研究区NPP在冬季比在春、秋、夏季受地形起伏的影响大。2）该文模拟的年NPP平均值为413.7 g/(m2·a)比MOD17A3平均值偏小4.9%,在空间分布上前者更加详细,地表特征更明显。3）研究区2009年NPP模拟值范围为0～1143.6 g/(m2·a),研究区总面积66.1％的NPP值在200～600 g/(m2·a)之间;年总NPP为9.891×106t,约占全国年总NPP的3.2‰,整体上呈现高、低值区交错分布的不规则特点。4）月NPP值随季节而变化,所有植被类型的NPP季节变化曲线都呈典型的单峰分布,且不同植被类型NPP的季节变化幅度有差别。月NPP值的季节变化与气温、太阳总辐射及NDVI的季节变化基本吻合,而降水量年内分配不均与NPP无相关性特点。5）各植被类型的月NPP和总NPP随海拔高度上升而逐渐变大,对于后者当海拔高度上升至1100 m时达到最大值,继续上升,其保持在600 g/m2左右不变。该研究可为后续基于HJ-1数据的山区植被NPP模拟提供参考。     

基于无线传感网络的耕种机具空间力监测系统开发与试验

针对实时监测耕种机具作业中所受空间力大小,该文提出了一种能够在现场和远程实时监测耕种机具受力情况并带有提示报警的监测系统。该系统采用基于Zigbee的WSN（wireless sensor network）完成数据的采集和近程传输,采用嵌入式处理器ARM11作为现场监测终端的中央处理单元CPU,并搭建WinCE6.0操作系统,完成数据交换、处理和监测报警等功能。通过安装在耕种机具上的测力传感器,实现对耕种机具受力情况的实时检测。经土槽试验测试,系统实现了耕种机具空间力的实时监测以及监测数据的存储,人机界面交互性良好,可为耕种机具的研究设计提供技术支持。     

激光平地改善土壤水盐分布并提高春小麦产量

为了促进激光平地技术的应用与推广,在河套灌区以普通畦田为对照,分期、分段测定了激光平地畦田0～80 cm土层土壤水分、土壤盐分及春小麦生长状况。结果表明,从渠口到畦尾,激光平地畦田不同地段的土壤水分在春小麦生长的不同时期无显著差异,但从拔节期开始,上层土壤盐分逐渐升高;普通畦田从三叶期开始,上层土壤水分、盐分逐渐提高,且显著或极显著高于激光平地。普通畦田从三叶期开始,激光平地从拔节期开始,从渠口到畦尾,春小麦的生长状况逐渐变差,千粒质量、产量均逐渐降低,但激光平地的春小麦千粒质量、产量高于普通畦田。激光平地改善了畦田的土壤水分、盐分分布,促进了畦田中后段的春小麦生长,提高了畦田中后段的水分利用率及产出率。     

Biochar derived from dairy cattle carcasses as an alternative source of phosphorus and amendment for soil acidity

Two pot experiments were conducted to evaluate biochar derived from dead dairy cattle as a mineral fertilizer, especially phosphorus (P) fertilizer, and to clarify the effect of particle size of biochar on plant growth (Zea mays L.) and P uptake. To produce the biochar, body parts of dead cattle were placed in a charring chamber and allowed to char at 450°C for 4 h. The biochar was of high pH and rich in major plant nutrients, especially P. Application of fine biochar (< 1 mm) increased P uptake by the corn plants grown in soil of low available P status. As a result, plant growth was improved following biochar application and dry matter production was also increased. The effect of the biochar application on the P uptake and plant growth was promoted by the application of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer. Soil analysis after harvest indicated that the biochar application increased soil pH, available P and exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) compared with the soil before seeding, while soil available N and exchangeable potassium (K) were considerably decreased. The decrease in the soil available N was incomprehensible, because the result of the mass balance given by the difference between input as the applied N from the biochar and fertilizer N and output as the N uptake by the plants was positive. We observed a similar result in the mass balance of K to the case of N. The medium (2–4 mm) and coarse (> 4 mm) grade biochar did not significantly affect plant growth, because P uptake was not, or was only slightly, increased by the application of these biochars. Dissolution of P from the coarser biochars was probably slower than that of the fine biochar. The lower dissolution of P from the medium and coarse biochars was supported by the lower P absorption efficiency of these biochars compared with that of the fine biochar and superphosphate. The effect of fine biochar on plant growth and P uptake was similar to that of superphosphate. We can therefore conclude that fine biochar derived from cattle carcasses is an effective source of P fertilizer and amendment for soil acidity. The N and K contents in the biochar, although relatively high, cannot be relied upon as a mineral fertilizer. Further studies are needed to assess whether the N and K contents of the biochar indicate it can be regarded as a useful fertilizer.