Variations in the Composition,Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Cystoseira compressa during Seasonal Growth

The underexplored biodiversity of seaweeds has recently drawn great attention from researchers to find the bioactive compounds that might contribute to the growth of the blue economy. In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of seasonal growth (from May to September) on the in vitro antioxidant (FRAP, DPPH, and ORAC) and antimicrobial effects (MIC and MBC) of Cystoseira compressa collected in the Central Adriatic Sea. Algal compounds were analyzed by UPLC-PDA-ESI-QTOF, and TPC and TTC were determined. Fatty acids, among which oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, and palmitic acid were the dominant compounds in samples. The highest TPC, TTC and FRAP were obtained for June extract, 83.4 ± 4.0 mg GAE/g, 8.8 ± 0.8 mg CE/g and 2.7 ± 0.1 mM TE, respectively. The highest ORAC value of 72.1 ± 1.2 µM TE was obtained for the August samples, and all samples showed extremely high free radical scavenging activity and DPPH inhibition (>80%). The MIC and MBC results showed the best antibacterial activity for the June, July and August samples, when sea temperature was the highest, against Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella enteritidis. The results show C. compressa as a potential species for the industrial production of nutraceuticals or functional food ingredients.     

Incidental capture of Caretta caretta in trammel nets off the western coast of Sardinia (Italy): statistical models of capture abundance and immediate survival

• 1. Trammel nets are one important cause of sea turtle mortality resulting from incidental capture. This study presents findings over a 10‐year period during which loggerhead turtle by‐catch in trammel nets, set off the central west coast of Sardinia (Italy) in the summer months, was recorded by 17 fishing vessels.
• 2. Since the by‐catch registered represented counts of a rare event, data from the 17 vessels were used in the zero‐inflated Poisson (ZIP) model to determine the abundance of turtle by‐catch in trammel nets of the entire fleet, while a binomial generalized linear model was used to assess the probability of immediate survival for sea turtles incidentally caught in this gear.
• 3. The ZIP model quantified in about 45% the probability that 0.6 turtles have been caught by each vessel using trammel nets during summer over the 10‐year period. In addition, the model estimated a total of 916 by‐catch if the entire small‐scale fleet was to use trammel nets in the study area in the summers between 1992 and 2001, with a direct mortality rate of 69%.
• 4. The probability of immediate survival for sea turtles caught in trammel nets seems to be directly related to the size of the specimens caught; however, this relationship is plausible only when incidental capture in the net occurs shortly before gear retrieval.
• 5. The study area represents a region where the abundance of sea turtle by‐catch per vessel in trammel nets was much higher in July and August than in June and could represent a potential hot spot for the presence of juvenile loggerhead turtles, with high levels of interactions between the species and this fishing gear. Further research should better characterize the incidents of by‐catch and assess potential innovative solutions that allow small‐scale fisheries to coexist alongside sea turtles. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

Evaluating wildlife tourism exposure to Florida manatees using citizen science,public interviews,and trail cameras

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Nutritional Quality,Physical Properties and Lipid Stability of Ready-to-cook Fish Products are Preserved during Frozen Storage and Oven-cooking

ABSTRACT

Ready-to-cook clean label products were formulated based on two ratios (50:50 and 30:70, R1 and R2) of mechanically separated European sea bass and rainbow trout. R1 and R2, tested as raw and oven-cooked, were stable during 90 days at ?18^°C in terms of proximate and fatty acid (FA) composition, shear force, pH, color, and lipid oxidizability. Raw and cooked R1 and R2 were rich in protein (13.76 g/100 g) and unsaturated n3 FA. Shear force and b* of raw R2 were higher than R1 (P < .05). Overall, R2 (more trout) better preserved its characteristics and oxidizability than R1.     

High-pruning of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.): work efficiency for target pruning as a function of tree species,pruning height,branch characteristics,pole saw type and operator

The objective of this study was to establish an operational model of productive work time per tree (work efficiency) for high-pruning of young European beech and pedunculate oak depending on tree species, pruning height, branch characteristics, pole saw type and operator. The final model included all of these independent variables with branch characteristics specified in terms of number of live branches and cross-sectional area of the thickest branch at the cut. Work time increased with increasing values of each of the three numeric variables. For a given pruning height the size of the largest branch was for all practical purposes more influential than the number of live branches. Beech took 28% longer to prune than oak. The German Ergo-Schnitt saw was 21% slower than the Japanese Silky Hayauchi saw. The variation in worker performance within our study was larger than that attributed to tree species and pruning equipment.     

Impact of control strategies on Thrips tabaci and its predator Aeolothrips intermedius on onion crops

Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a major pest of onion worldwide. In 2011, research was conducted in a commercial onion field in northwestern Italy to: (i) assess the presence of autochthonous onion thrips predators on the crop; and (ii) evaluate the impact of the commonly used insecticides and alternative pest management strategies on onion thrips and its autochthonous predators. Toxicity of the active ingredients on local populations of onion thrips and its predatory thrips was also evaluated in laboratory bioassays. During field surveys, the highest and lowest thrips infestations were observed in plots treated with lambda-cyhalothrin and spinosad, respectively. The effectiveness of spinosad on T. tabaci was also confirmed in laboratory bioassays. The dominant zoophagous species Aeolothrips intermedius (Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae) was more adversely affected by treatment with lambda-cyhalothrin, confirmed by a decrease in predator/prey ratios. The use of spinosad and acibenzolar-S-methyl is suggested as an alternative to conventional insecticides for the preservation of A. intermedius, which proved to be a potential biological control agent of T. tabaci.     

Effectiveness of field-exposed attract-and-kill devices against the adults of Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): a study on duration,form and storage

BACKGROUND

The Japanese beetle Popillia japonica Newman is an insect pest native to Japan that has spread into North America, the Azores and, recently, into continental Europe. Here, we present a study assessing the effectiveness of a long-lasting insecticide-treated net (LLIN), assembled in semiochemical-baited attract-and-kill devices (A&Ks) as a low environmental impact means to control P. japonica in the field. We compared the attractiveness of three different forms of A&Ks that were left outdoors throughout the summer, and the residence time of P. japonica landing on them. Moreover, we performed a preliminary study testing the effectiveness of new LLINs after storage. Collected data also allowed us to investigate the beetles' diel flight patterns in relation to meteorological conditions.

RESULTS

Killing effectiveness of the field-exposed A&Ks declined steadily over the flight season (from 100% to 37.5%) associated with a decrease in residues of α-cypermethrin, the active ingredient in the LLINs. The different A&K forms (pyramidal, octahedral and ellipsoidal) attracted similar numbers of beetles. Individual beetles' residence time ranged from 75 to 95 s and differed slightly between A&K forms. Effectiveness of LLINs decreased by ≈30% after 1 year storage. Based on numbers landing on A&Ks, the beetles' flight activity peaked about 14:30 h and was inversely correlated with relative humidity.

CONCLUSION

This study indicates that semiochemical-baited A&Ks are effective for controlling P. japonica in the field. Because of active ingredient decay, the LLINs should be replaced after 30–40 days of field exposure to ensure that the A&Ks remain fully functional. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.