Der grüne Schildkäfer,Cassida viridis L., als Schädling der Pfefferminze in Bayern

Zusammenfassung Nach kurzer Darstellung der bekannten bionomischen Tatsachen wird die Abh?ngigkeit der Fra?menge von der Temperatur geprüft und eine Steigerung bei zunehmender W?rme nachgewiesen. Die weite Verbreitung des Schildk?fers in den Minzefeldern der Moore bei München h?ngt mit dem Vorkommen einer ursprünglichen Wirtspflanze (Mentha aquatica) zusammen. Eine gef?hrliche Massenvermehrung, die nach den Ern?hrungsverh?ltnissen zu erwarten w?re, wird durch starke Parasitierung und besonders durch zwei- bis dreimalige Ernte mit gleichzeitiger Vernichtung der meisten Tiere vermieden. z. Zt. im Felde Mit 6 Abbildungen     

Genome-wide association mapping and genomic prediction of Fusarium head blight resistance,heading stage and plant height in winter rye (Secale cereale)

Rye is a multi-purpose cereal crop grown in Central and Eastern Europe as well as in Western Canada. Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the diseases that have a severe negative impact on rye, but knowledge about FHB resistance at the genomic level is totally missing in rye. The objective of this study was to elucidate the genetic architecture of FHB resistance in winter rye using genome-wide association (GWA) mapping complemented by genomic prediction (GP) in comparison with marker-assisted selection (MAS). Additionally, plant height and heading stage were analysed. A panel of 465 S₁-inbred lines of winter rye was phenotyped in three environments (location–year combinations) for FHB resistance by inoculation with Fusarium culmorum and genotyped with a 15k SNP array. Significant genotypic variation and high heritabilities were found for FHB resistance, heading stage and plant height. FHB did not correlate with heading stage, but was moderately correlated with plant height (r = −.52, p < .001) caused by some susceptible short inbred lines. The GWA scan identified 15 QTL for FHB resistance that jointly explained 74% of the genotypic variance. In addition, we detected 11 QTL for heading stage and 8 QTL for plant height, explaining 26% and 14% of the genotypic variance, respectively. A genome-wide prediction approach resulted in 44% higher prediction abilities than marker-assisted selection for FHB resistance. In conclusion, genomic approaches appear promising to improve and accelerate breeding for complex traits in winter rye.     

Limitations for prolonged chilled storage of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos

Chilled storage of zebrafish embryos is possible for up to 33 h at 8 °C without a loss in viability. In the present study, higher chilling temperatures in the range of 10–16 °C were tested to extend the storage periods to 65 h. It was also investigated whether prevention of microbiological growth with antibiotics and iodine, and stabilization of the quality of the storage solution by regular changes and constant aeration had an effect on the embryo and larvae viability. At incubation temperatures of 10 and 12 °C, the embryo development was completely arrested; at 14 and 16 °C, it proceeded slowly. At 10 °C, the percentage of embryos developing to the long‐pec stage was significantly lower than those at 12, 14 and 16 °C and in the control. At 10 and 12 °C, the percentage of embryos developing to the long‐pec stage decreased with increasing chilling period, while it remained constant at 14 and 16 °C. All chilling treatments resulted in low hatching rates <25% and many larvae showed malformations. Supplementation of storage solutions with antibiotics and iodine had no effect on the embryo and larvae viability, similar to regular solution changes and constant aeration.     

Distribution of Road Salt Residues, Heavy Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons across a Highway-Forest Interface

Automobile traffic pollutes roadside environments with a range of contaminants. In this study, we investigate the distribution patterns of different contaminant classes in topsoils across a highway-forest interface north-east of Vienna, Austria, in order to assess spatial pollutant distribution and evaluate the filtering effect of roadside forests. We collected soil samples along transects perpendicular to the highway, and analyzed the soils for road salt residues (Na), total and mobile heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr) as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Roadside soil pollution was highly heterogeneous. All contaminants followed an exponential-like decrease with distance from the road, reaching background levels at 5 to 10 m from the road curb. Traffic-born heavy metals in the immediate roadside zone tended to be more mobile than heavy metals of predominantly geogenic origin at greater distances from the road; the presence of road salt residues could have contributed to the elevated heavy metal mobility near the road. The forest vegetation acted as filter for PAHs shown by a sharp concentration increase at the forest edge. PAHs are likely transported with airborne soot particles that are scavenged by the wax-coated coniferous needles at our study site.     

Multispecies biomass dynamics models reveal effects of ocean temperature on predation of juvenile pollock in the eastern Bering Sea

Walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) supports one of the largest commercial fisheries in the world. Juvenile pollock are important forage fish in the eastern Bering Sea (EBS) ecosystem, often representing the largest fraction in the diets of major Bering Sea piscivores. Large variability in the EBS pollock stock biomass in recent years has been attributed primarily to fluctuations in recruitment. It has been hypothesized that predation rates on forage fishes increase when the cold pool (a body of cold water < 2°C) is extensive and covers much of the middle continental shelf, which tends to concentrate larger predatory fishes in the outer shelf and slope regions. In contrast, young pollock appear to tolerate colder temperatures than older fish and can stay in the cold pool, thereby reducing predation. We used a multispecies modeling approach to examine the effects of the cold pool size on predation of juvenile pollock. We found that predation on age‐1 pollock by age‐3+ pollock decreased, and predation on age‐1 and age‐2 pollock by arrowtooth flounder increased with increasing bottom temperature, which was used as a proxy for the cold pool size. These results suggest that the cold pool creates spatial separation between juvenile pollock and arrowtooth flounder, but not between adult and juvenile pollock. The model developed in this study could be used to examine the effects of other covariates on interspecific interactions, help explain observed changes in fish communities, and understand implications of climate change on ecosystems and their productivity.     

First isolation of EBLV-2 in Germany

In Europe, rabies in bats is caused by European Bat Lyssavirus (EBLV) type 1 (EBLV-1) or type 2 (EBLV-2) which form two distinct genotypes (gt 5 and 6) within the genus Lyssavirus of the family of Rhadoviridae. Spill-over infections of EBLV in humans have caused fatal rabies encephalitis and highlighted the relevance of this wildlife disease for public health. The vast majority of the 831 European bat rabies cases reported between 1977 and 2006 were identified as EBLV-1. Only few virus isolates originating from Switzerland, The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were characterized as EBLV-2. Here we report the first EBLV-2 case detected in Germany in a Daubenton's bat (Myotis daubentonii) in August 2007. The bat showed clinical signs of disorders of the central nervous system and subsequently tested positive for rabies. The virus was isolated and characterized as EBLV-2 based on its antigen pattern and by nucleotide sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis indicated an association to EBLV-2 isolates from Switzerland which correlates with the origin of the bat close to the Swiss border.     

Die Forsthuben im Spessart

Ohne Zusammenfassung