On the potential of documenting decadal-scale avifaunal change from before-and-after comparisons of museum and observational data across North America

Studies of biodiversity dynamics have been cast on either long(systematics)or short(ecology)time scales,leaving a gap in coverage for moderate time scales of de...     

Modeling genetic differences of combined broiler chicken populations in single-step GBLUP

The introduction of animals from a different environment or population is a common practice in commercial livestock populations. In this study, we modeled the inclusion of a group of external birds into a local broiler chicken population for the purpose of genomic evaluations. The pedigree was composed of 242,413 birds and genotypes were available for 107,216 birds. A five-trait model that included one growth, two yield, and two efficiency traits was used for the analyses. The strategies to model the introduction of external birds were to include a fixed effect representing the origin of parents and to use unknown parent groups (UPG) or metafounders (MF). Genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) were obtained with single-step GBLUP using the Algorithm for Proven and Young. Bias, dispersion, and accuracy of GEBV for the validation birds, that is, from the most recent generation, were computed. The bias and dispersion were estimated with the linear regression (LR) method,whereas accuracy was estimated by the LR method and predictive ability. When fixed UPG were fit without estimated inbreeding, the model did not converge. In contrast, models with fixed UPG and estimated inbreeding or random UPG converged and resulted in similar GEBV. The inclusion of an extra fixed effect in the model made the GEBV unbiased and reduced the inflation. Genomic predictions with MF were slightly biased and inflated due to the unbalanced number of observations assigned to each metafounder. When combining local and external populations, the greatest accuracy can be obtained by adding an extra fixed effect to account for the origin of parents plus UPG with estimated inbreeding or random UPG. To estimate the accuracy, the LR method is more consistent among scenarios, whereas the predictive ability greatly depends on the model specification.     

人工复合群落对南方红豆杉生物量及紫杉醇质量分数的影响

在不同立地条件下构建了以喜树(Camptotheca acuminata)为建群种、以南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var.mairei)为伴生种、以长春花(Catharanthus roseus(L.)G.Don)为地被种的人工复合群落,并以传统人工搭建遮阴网作对照。研究表明:从3月份新枝叶萌发至12月份枝叶停止生长,3种立地条件下单种群落和复合群落南方红豆杉生物量及其枝叶中紫杉醇质量分数差异显著,对于南方红豆杉生物量,陡坡复合群落缓坡复合群落平地复合群落平地单种群落;紫杉醇质量分数在5月份、8月份和11月份都出现峰值,其中紫杉醇质量分数最高值都出现在5月份。5月份和11月份,紫杉醇质量分数峰值:陡坡复合群落缓坡复合群落平地复合群落平地单种群落;8月份,紫杉醇质量分数峰值陡坡复合群落缓坡复合群落平地单种群落平地复合群落。南方红豆杉枝叶紫杉醇质量分数季节变化与太阳辐射、温度和降雨量呈正相关,与湿度呈负相关,但相关性均不显著。     

黑龙江省农作物冷害气候区划

在调查研究和科学实验的基础上,分析出符合黑龙江省实际的窕作物冷害指标和霜冻指标。延迟型冷害指标是随各地温度水平不同而改变的动态值,障碍型冷害是以水稻抽前第９天至第１１天,日平均气温连续３ｄ低于１８℃为指标。霜冻指标是以各地日平均气温稳定通过１０℃终日的８０％保证率日期为标准,用日最低气温≤０℃的初日去衡量,后者小于前者时测定义为早霜冻日期。为了有针对性的防御冷害,将黑龙江省划分为８个不同程序的冷害     

女山湖的底栖动物

１９９１年和１９９２年的６月,对女山湖底栖动物进行两次现场调查,人采集到底栖动物３８种;推算现存量,１９９１年为１１６２７ｔ,１９９２年为１１７４７ｔ;与１０年前的同期调查资料相比,该湖的底栖动物密度和生物量均显著降低。还分析了资源下降原因,提出了利用和保护该湖底栖动物资源的对策 。     

Identification of CD3+ T lymphocytes in the green turtle Chelonia mydas

To understand the role of the immune system with respect to disease in reptiles, there is the need to develop tools to assess the host's immune response. An important tool is the development of molecular markers to identify immune cells, and these are limited for reptiles. We developed a technique for the cryopreservation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and showed that a commercially available anti-CD3 epsilon chain antibody detects a subpopulation of CD3 positive peripheral blood lymphocytes in the marine turtle Chelonia mydas. In the thymus and in skin inoculated with phytohemagglutinin, the same antibody showed the classical staining pattern observed in mammals and birds. For Western blot, the anti-CD3 antibodies identified a 17.6 kDa band in membrane proteins of peripheral blood mononuclear cell compatible in weight to previously described CD3 molecules. This is the first demostration of CD3+ cells in reptiles using specific antibodies.     

水稻瘤矮病毒髓和S8基因共表达杆状病毒转移载体构建及重组病毒的鉴定

为构建携带水稻瘤矮病毒（Rice gall dwarf virus,RGDV）主要内层衣壳蛋白53基因和外层衣壳蛋白鼹基因的重组杆状病毒,将目的基因（S3和S8）分别亚克隆到杆状病毒转移载体pFastBacDual多角体启动子（PH）和plO启动子的下游．经酶切和确证性序列测定,将其转化到DHl0Bac感受态细胞中,获得重组杆粒rbpFBDS3-S8,采用脂质体转染法,将rbpF-BDS3-58转染草地贪夜蛾（Spodoptera frugiperda）Si9细胞包装病毒,PCR筛选鉴定重组病毒．结果表明：SD昆虫细胞被侵染72h后,倒置显微镜下观察到细胞增大,培养液和细胞内出现颗粒状物质,部分细胞破裂甚至裂解,说明53和S8基因已整合到重组杆状病毒基因组中,这为开展RGDV主要结构蛋白在昆虫细胞中的表达及其功能研究奠定了基础．     

Levels of detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) by IFA and PCR methods

Cryptosporidium spp. are monoxenous protozoan parasites that cause gastrointestinal diseases in humans and animals. Shellfish harvesting areas can become contaminated by the infectious stage of the parasite and humans are therefore at risk of infection either by consumption of shellfish, or by taking part in recreational activities in these areas. In the present study we determined the levels of detection, by IFA and PCR techniques, of Cryptosporidium oocysts in mussels experimentally contaminated with a theoretical number of oocysts. There was a significant correlation between the results obtained by both techniques (P<0.05). IFA and PCR were also applied to a total of 222 samples of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) destined for human consumption. In the naturally contaminated samples, we detected a 31.1% of contamination and only Cryptosporidium parvum (previously denominated C. parvum genotype II) was identified.     

Use of macroalgae supplemented with probiotics in the Haliotis rufescens (Swainson, 1822) culture in Northern Chile

In this study, we evaluate the use of macroalgae as vectors of probiotics bacteria into the digestive tract of abalone to improve their survival and growth. It is shown that when abalone Haliotis rufescens of different sizes were fed with a natural diet composed of fronds of the macroalga Macrocystis integrifolia supplemented with a mixture of Vibrio sp. C21‐UMA, Agarivorans albus F1‐UMA and Vibrio sp. F15‐UMA bacteria, there was a significant increase (P<0.05) in the average monthly growth rate and survival (%)in a period of 210 days, compared with the control without a probiotic supplement. The permanence of the probiotics in the digestive tract of the animals was monitored, and it was found that the number of culturable C21‐UMA and F1‐UMA bacteria decreased significantly (P<0.05) in recently weaned and adult abalone, and they almost disappeared completely on day 19 of the bioassay. However, the culturable Vibrio sp. F15‐UMA disappeared completely from the digestive tract on day 22 of the bioassay, and these were the bacteria that remained at the highest concentration compared with the other two bacterial strains over the experimental period. It is therefore shown that it is feasible to use a probiotic mixture to improve the profitability of the H. rufescens culture.