First record of bacillary rickettsia-like organisms in European tick Dermacentor marginatus (Sulzer).

Bacillary rickettsia-like organisms (BRLO) were found in the tick Dermacentor marginatus. They are gram-negative and differ from common bacteria and reckettsiae both in the cultivation conditions and morphology. BRLO are non-pathogenic for ticks and guinea pigs. In our studies they were isolated on half-engorged females of D. marginatus, on which they are still maintained.     

Studies on viremia and antibody formation in ducklings and goslings after experimental infection with Lednice (Yaba 1) virus.

A very low virus level was found for a short time in the blood of ducklings and goslings after experimental Lednice (Yaba 1) virus infection by subcutaneous (scut) and intranasal (inas) route and in blood of ducklings also after infection by intracerebral (icer) route. Subsequently virus neutralizing antibody formation was examined. Antibody formation was found in most of animals. In goslings onset of antibody formation seems to be slower than in ducklings after the same virus infection dose; vice versa, in ducklings antibody titer decreased after 6 weeks. Using low infection virus dose, neutralizing antibody level in ducklings was lower than in the former case. On examining the blood and the organs, the virus was detected in a very low amount and for a very short time in blood and spleen of goslings and only in blood of ducklings.     

Excessive oral administration of iron to sheep. 1. Digestibility of rations, results of fattening and carcass yields]

4 digestibility trials (4 male sheep per group) and 2 growth trials were carried out with 24 (V 1) and 32 (V 2) fattening lambs to investigate the effect of abundant oral Fe doses on the digestibility of crude nutrients in a ration of barley + dried green feed and on the results of fattening and carcass yields. Fe supplementation (less than 1400 mg per sheep/day) did not significantly change the digestibility coefficients of crude nutrients. Increasing Fe levels in the concentrates decreased the rates of liveweight increase and food consumption in both growth trials. Well-established statistical evidence was provided for the decline in absolute carcass yields resulting from the lower weight of the lambs at the end of the fattening period after Fe supplementation.     

Histological studies on cow intestinal mucosa and electron microscopic studies of the ruminal epithelium of cows fed a deficient diet for a prolonged time]

Histological and histochemical studies were carried out on the gastro-intestinal mucosa of three experimental cows (roughages/maize silage) and three control animals. The animals were slaughtered on termination of the long-term trial. Mucosa samples were taken, for further study, from the rumen, the duodenum, the jejunum, the large intestine and the appendix. Histochemical analysis did not reveal any essential differences in the activities of non-specific esterase, alkaline and acid phosphatase and lactic acid dehydrogenase in the mucosa of the rumen, the large and the small intestine and the appendix of both the experimental animals and the controls. The experimental animals were found to exhibit a higher rate of glutamate-dehydrogenase activity in the ruminal mucosa and in the mucosa of the large and small intestine. A higher succinate dehydrogenase activity was observed in the ruminal mucosa of the experimental animals, relative to that of the controls, while the activity in the intestinal mucosa was decreased. Only slight changes were noted in the activity of the enzymatic systems tested. Electron microscopic studies did not reveal any differences in the ultrastructure of the epithelial cells of the ruminal mucosa in both the experimental animal and the controls.     

Testing of the protective effect of cell-free lyophilized vaccine against Marek's disease in field trials]

The protective effect of a lyophilized vaccine against Marek's disease ("Keramvac"--Pfizer), prepared from a cell-free turkey's herpesvirus (strain FC 126), was compared in field trials with losses in the group of non-vaccinated chickens. Under the indicated conditions, the vaccine had only a 50.86% effectiveness. The possible causes of the reduced vaccination effect are discussed with regard to the pathomorphological and virological findings suggesting, among others, an increased incidence of the symptoms of the classical form of Marek's disease in the population investigated.     

Phage typing of strains of Staphylococcus aureus from staphylococcal mastitis of dairy cows]

Of 62 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from milk samples of dairy-cows with staphylococcic mastitis from five agricultural enterprises, 68 p. c. could be typified as bacteriophages. In 42 typified strains, altogether 17 different phage pictures were found, in which case, in the different agricultural enterprises, the number of phage picture fluctuated between 1 and 8. Phage picture 42 D was found and dominated in all the agricultural enterprises. Of the typified strains, 76% could be ranked only into one phage group and 24% in the "M" group (= miscellaneous). Of 32 typified strains, 56.3% belonged to phage group IV, 25% to group III, 12.5% to group I, and 6.2% to group II.     

Phage typization of Staphylococcus aureus strains from staphylococcic mastitis of dairy cows]

Of 62 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from milk samples of dairy-cows with staphylococcic mastitis from five agricultural enterprises, 68 p. c. could be typified as bacteriophages. In 42 typified strains, altogether 17 different phage pictures were found, in which case, in the different agricultural enterprises, the number of phage picture fluctuated between 1 and 8. Phage picture 42 D was found and dominated in all the agricultural enterprises. Of the typified strains, 76% could be ranked only into one phage group and 24% in the "M" group (= miscellaneous). Of 32 typified strains, 56.3% belonged to phage group IV, 25% to group III, 12.5% to group I, and 6.2% to group II.     

Distribution of Cryptococcus neoformans in a pigeon habitat.

Samples of pigeon droppings were taken from 7 sites in a church tower contaminated with C. neoformans, and the distribution patterns of the fungus were studied. From various sites, 0 to 3 x 10(5) viable C. neoformans particles were recovered per one gram of dry excreta. The factors causing the different density of C. neoformans population in the habitat were: uric acid share of the total nitrogen, creatinine content, sunlight and probably pH. Chemical composition of the substrate is the primary factor in the distribution of C. neoformans in droppings.     

Rapeseed Meal and egg taint

1. Certain rapeseed meals in the diet of hens laying brown eggs result in the production, from some birds, of eggs which have a “ fishy ” or “ crabby ” odour because of the presence of trimethylamine.

2. Such susceptible birds have been used to demonstrate that the activity can be extracted from rapeseed meal with appropriate solvents.     

The role of histamine and fish meal in the incidence of gizzard erosion and pro‐ventricular abnormalities in the fowl

1. The role of certain fish meals in the production of localised gizzard erosion is confirmed.

2. Lesions typical of gizzard erosion could be produced by the addition of histamine to the diet.

3. The amount of histamine occurring naturally in fish meal depends on the species of fish and the extent and nature of bacterial spoilage.

4. These variables may explain why histamine has not been implicated previously and also why there have not been consistent associations between the condition and geographical source or common factors in bulk consignments of the meal.