Lipase-catalyzed preparation of human milk fat substitutes from palm stearin in a solvent-free system

Human milk fat substitutes (HMFSs) were synthesized by lipozyme RM IM-catalyzed acidolysis of chemically interesterified palm stearin (mp = 58 °C) with mixed FAs from rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, palm kernel oil, stearic acid, and myristic acid in a solvent-free system. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to model and optimize the reactions, and the factors chosen were reaction time, temperature, substrate molar ratio, and enzyme load. The optimal conditions generated from the models were as follows: reaction time, 3.4 h; temperature, 57 °C; substrate molar ratio, 14.6 mol/mol; and enzyme load, 10.7 wt % (by the weight of total substrates). Under these conditions, the contents of palmitic acid (PA) and PA at sn-2 position (sn-2 PA) were 29.7 and 62.8%, respectively, and other observed FAs were all within the range of FAs of HMF. The product was evaluated by the cited model, and a high score (85.8) was obtained, which indicated a high degree of similarity of the product to HMF.     

Correlation between earthworms and plant litter decomposition in a tropical wet forest of Puerto Rico

Earthworms are recognized to play an important role in the decomposition of organic materials. To test the use of earthworms as an indicator of plant litter decomposition, we examined the abundance and biomass of earthworms in relation to plant litter decomposition in a tropical wet forest of Puerto Rico. We collected earthworms at 0–0.1 m and 0.1–0.25 m soil depths from upland and riparian sites that represent the natural variation in soils and decomposition rates within the forest. Earthworms were hand-sorted and weighed for both fresh and dry biomass. Earthworms were dominated by the exotic endogeic species Pontoscolex corethrurus Müller; they were more abundant, and had higher biomasses in the upland than in riparian sites of the forest. Plant leaf litter decomposed faster in the upland than riparian sites. We found that earthworm abundance in the upper 0.1 m of the soil profile positively correlated with decomposition rate of plant leaf litter. Ground litter removal had no effect on the abundance or biomass of endogeic earthworms. Our data suggest that earthworms can be used to predict decomposition rates of plant litter in the tropical wet forest, and that the decomposition of aboveground plant litter has little influence on the abundance and biomass of endogeic earthworms.     

晒田强度和穗肥运筹对三角形强化栽培水稻光合生产力和氮素利用的影响

以杂交中稻组合II优498为材料,在三角形强化栽培(TSRI)条件下,研究3种晒田强度(0~20 cm土壤相对含水量为80%±5%、60%±5%和40%±5%,分别记为W₁、W₂和W₃)和3种穗肥运筹(晒田复水后第1、8和15天施用第1次氮素穗肥,分别记为S₁、S₂和S₃)对灌浆结实期水稻光合生产和氮素利用的影响。结果表明,晒田程度和穗肥运筹对水稻光合生产、干物质积累、氮素积累、转运和利用和产量的影响存在显著互作效应,且晒田影响最为显著,氮素穗肥运筹次之。轻度晒田(W₁)复水后第1天施用第1次氮素穗肥会降低抽穗后15 d和30 d的群体光合和有效穗数,推迟至复水后第8天或第15天施用第1次氮素穗肥可以提高抽穗后15 d和30 d的群体光合、收获指数和氮素稻谷生产效率;中度和重度晒田(W₂和W₃)复水后第1天和第8天施用第1次氮素穗肥可以提高孕穗期和齐穗期剑叶P_n和抽穗后15 d和30 d的群体光合、干物质积累、籽粒产量及构成指标、稻株氮素积累与利用。经过分析比较得出,TSRI模式下W₂S₁为晒田强度和穗肥运筹的最优组合,产量达到10.96 t ha^-1。     

大枣保鲜的主要技术与方法

大枣是我国独具优势的重要果品之一,具有重要的营养价值,因此大枣的保鲜问题一直是科学工作者不断探讨的问题。介绍了几种主要的大枣保鲜技术,包括冷藏、气调贮藏、减压贮藏和化学药剂保藏等。     

刺槐光合生理生态特性日变化研究

为了解刺槐光合生理生态特性及生长的适宜生态条件,培育出优质高产的林木,采用LI-6400光合测定系统对刺槐的光合生理特性日变化及其与气象因子关系进行了研究。结果表：（1）刺槐的Pn日变化呈“双峰型”曲线,有明显的“午休”现象,第一个峰出现在9：00左右,第二个峰出现在15：00左右,第一个峰值明显高于第二个峰值。（2）Tr在很大程度上决定于气孔的活动状态,Ci因为Gs的降低而减少,刺槐的光合速率控制因子为气孔限制。（3）Pn与Gs成极显著正相关,与Tr成显著性正相关。环境因子主要是影响叶片的Tr、Vpdl和Tl来影响Pn,PAR对Pn的影响较大,但可能不是导致刺槐光合“午休”的直接因素。     

固原县自然条件概况

固原县位于黄土高原西北部,属温带半干旱黄土丘陵森林草原向干草原过渡地区。具有土地辽阔,水热组合多样,天然草场面积大等有利条件。同时具有土地利用不合理,灾害频繁,天然草场退化。森林覆盖率低等不利条件。     

STUDY OF DETERMINING THE DEGREE OF GRAPHITIZING OF COKE WITH X-RAY DIFFRACTION METHOD

In the paper, the process of determining the degree of graphiti-zing of metallurgy coke with X-ray diffraction method was discussed. The extrapolation was used in order to obtain the interplanar distance. of (002) crystaloface of metallurgy coke. The finding showed that the dmax. wasn''t 3.44A, butO4.31A. A rational formula which could be used to characterize the degree of gra-phitizing of metallurgy coke was found.     

基于全轮纵向力优化分配的4WD车辆直接横摆力矩控制 4

为了充分利用四轮独立驱动(4WD)与直接横摆力矩控制(DYC)各自的优势,提出了基于全轮纵向力优化分配的4WD车辆DYC系统方案.利用改进的2DOF车辆模型制定DYC稳定性控制目标,设计基于最优动态滑模的"前馈+反馈"DYC控制器.建立全轮纵向力优化分配模式,结合HSRI轮胎模型设计了降低整车路面附着负荷的目标函数,并通过约束优化得出全轮纵向力分配值.研究表明,全轮纵向力优化分配可提高整车路面附着余量,进一步提升了DYC系统的控制性能.     

低温物流过程中果蔬贮藏期预测模型与预测器

基于能量守恒原理,推导了基于0℃贮运条件下剩余贮藏期的计算式.结合现有的实验数据,在0～20℃范围内,得出了8种蔬菜贮藏期与贮藏温度之间的关系式和在0℃贮运条件下的贮藏期预测方程.经过芹菜在0、2、4、6和8℃的储藏实验证明,理论推导出的贮藏期与实验所得贮藏期相差时间不超过2d.并综合信息无线发送技术,开发了具有库存管理功能的果蔬贮藏期预测器,实际运用结果表明,预测结果具有较高的精度.     

黄颡鱼幼鱼蛋白质需要量的研究

用不同蛋白质水平的半精制饲料饲喂黄颡鱼幼鱼８周,结果表明,当饲料中蛋白质含量为０．３７ｋｇ／ｋｇ时,增重率、饲料系数和蛋白质效率均达到最佳值。