Evaluation of the combination of 1,3-dichloropropene and dazomet as an efficient alternative to methyl bromide for cucumber production in China

BACKGROUND: The combination of 1,3‐dichloropropene (1,3‐D) and dazomet (DZ) offers a potential alternative to methyl bromide (MB) for soil disinfection. MB is scheduled to be withdrawn from routine use by 2015 in developing countries. Combination treatments of 1,3‐D + DZ were evaluated in a laboratory study and in two commercial cucumber fields. RESULTS: Laboratory studies found that nearly all of the tested combinations of 1,3‐D and DZ displayed positive synergistic activity on root‐knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), two major soilborne fungi (Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp.) and the seeds of two major weed species (Digitaria sanguinalis and Abutilon theophrasti). Field trials revealed that the combination of 1,3‐D and DZ (at 10 + 25 g m^?2) successfully suppressed Meloidogyne spp. root galling, sharply reduced Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp. and maintained high cucumber yields. The combination treatment of 1,3‐D + DZ was more effective than 1,3‐D or DZ alone and provided results similar to methyl bromide with respect to pest control, plant mortality, plant height, yield and income. All of the treatments were significantly better than the non‐treated control. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the tested combination of 1,3‐D and DZ offers an efficient alternative to methyl bromide for cucumber production. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Three genes of miraculin-like proteins from Nicotiana benthamiana with dissimilar putative structures show highly similar patterns of induction following bacterial and fungal infections

Expression of three Nicotiana benthamiana miraculin-like protein genes, NbMLP1, NbMLP2 and NbMLP3, showed almost identical responses to wounding, an incompatible interaction with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci and compatible interactions with P. syringae pv. tabaci, Colletotrichum destructivum or Colletotrichum orbiculare. However, only NbMLP1 expression responded to exogenous methyl jasmonate or ethylene. None exhibited expression in healthy leaves and stems, and all showed highest expression in seeds, except for NbMLP1, which had highest expression in roots. NbMLP1, NbMLP2 and NbMLP3 were in different subfamilies of miraculin-like protein sequences of N. benthamiana and Nicotiana tabacum. Subfamilies correlated well with predicted features of the reactive-site loop potentially affecting the bond that could react with serine proteinases. Despite considerable predicted structural diversity that might affect biological activity, the apparently coordinated expression of these genes to pathogen attack may reflect the need to produce diverse proteinase inhibitors to act against a potentially broad range of secreted microbial proteinases during basal resistance to pathogens.     

杆垫刃属新属和一个新种的描述(垫刃目:垫刃科)

杆垫刃属新属(Rhabdotylenchus n. gen.)以其尾粗短,尾后部透明部分呈杆状,尾端平截有一凹痕,以及第一体环明显宽于其他体环并且该环角质层显著加厚与唇和其后的体部形成缢缩而显著区别于垫刃亚科(Tylenchinae rley, 1880)的其它属,该新属与近似属Tylenchus Bastian,1865的区别,除了独特的尾形和第一体环外,还以唇区显著缢缩,阴门位置较后(V>70vsV=60～70),明显区别于该近似属。广东杆垫刃线虫新属新种(Rhabdotylenchus guangdongensis n. gen., n. sp.)发现于广东省深圳市郊区的苦瓜根际土中。     

秀山县稻田杂草发生危害及防除对策初探

运用倒置"W"9点取样法对秀山县稻田杂草进行了调查。结果表明,秀山县稻田杂草共有20科32种,相对多度在10以上的稻田杂草依次为牛毛毡、节节菜、草茨藻、鸭舌草、矮慈姑、稗、野荸荠、陌上草、水蓼等9种,其中,禾本科杂草占1%、莎草科杂草占3.3%,阔叶杂草占66%。牛毛毡、节节菜、草茨藻、鸭舌草相对多度达30以上,为当地优势杂草。根据田间草害发生状况,提出了"前除、中控、后补"的综合治理对策。     

山东省白菜黑腐病苗期抗病性鉴定方法

白菜黑腐病由野油菜黄单胞杆菌Xanthomonas campestris引起，是一种世界性十字花科蔬菜重要病害。特别是近年来，黑腐病在白菜上的危害日益严重，在全国范围内均有不同程度的发生。现代生物技术的进步，给作物抗病育种带来了光明的前景，但是选育和利用抗病品种，则是一种更为经济、有效、安全的方法。在抗病育种过程中，     

烟草根际细菌铜绿假单胞菌swu31-2的定殖能力及其对烟草青枯病的防治作用

从重庆黔江烟草田间分离获得一株烟草青枯菌拮抗菌株Pseudomonas aeruginosa swu31 2（简称swu31 2）。采用逐步提高药物浓度的方法,筛选获得了抗链霉素300 μg/mL对烟草青枯病菌拮抗活性稳定的swu31 2突变菌株。采用灌根接种法,研究其在烟草根、茎和叶表面及内部的定殖能力及其对烟草青枯病的防治作用。结果表明,swu31 2能在烟草各组织的表面及内部定殖。该菌株在烟草各组织内部的数量均表现为“由增到减”的趋势。在接种后第8天定殖数量达到最高峰,随后有所下降;到第20天各组织内的数量仍然维持较高水平（105 cfu/g 以上）。同时,在接种20 d后,烟草的根、茎和叶的表面仍然可以检测到swu31 2的存在。盆栽试验结果表明,swu31 2的菌液和活性物质对烟草青枯病均有一定的防治效果。其中先施swu31 2菌液和活性物质粗提物的防效好于农用链霉素（51.25%）,分别为60.87%和 60.32%,而后施菌液和活性物质粗提物的防效也分别达39.50%和20.90%。     

以大蜡螟与人工培养基连续传代的两种斯氏线虫生物学特性比较

本文比较了 Steinernema carpocaprae 和 Steinernema anomali 两个种(品系)的斯氏昆虫病原线虫,分别在大蜡螟和鸡什海绵人工培养基下连续传代培养的两个种群的形态、带菌率、发育、繁殖、毒力和寻找寄主能力的差异。试验表明:同一种(品系)长期在蜡螟传代的线虫种群比人工培养基传代的种群的线虫体较大,在寄主昆虫内发育怏、繁殖量大。但细菌保留率、感染率、感染指数、在沙里寻找寄主并使其致死的能力稍低。上述的差异在 S.anomali 这个种尤为明显,S.car pocapsae 则差异不大。     

稻水象甲发生规律与药剂试验方法的探讨

稻水象甲是国际检疫对象，已经是我国北方水稻产区最重要害虫之一，并且呈迅速蔓延之势。此虫主要借助交通工具作远距离传播。成虫危害叶片，幼虫危害根系。一年繁殖一代但有两个危害高峰。新农药田间药效试验如果针对防治成虫、幼虫或者兼治，应在相应的时间、采取不同的方法进行。     

拮抗南方根结线虫PKS基因的筛选及活性评价

土壤环境中蕴藏着巨大的微生物资源,而99%的土壤微生物不能用传统的纯培养。本研究基于西藏米拉山高寒草甸土壤微生物宏基因组Fosmid文库,采用PCR方法从文库中筛选PKS基因,以南方根结线虫(Meloido-gyne incognita)为靶标测定其杀线活性,并验证温室盆栽防效。从Fosmid文库中筛选得到2个含PKS基因的克隆K99和K82。K99属于Ⅰ型PKS,K82属于杂合PKS/NRPS;K99发酵液、热处理发酵液浸泡南方根结线虫J2 12 h后,杀线活性为100%。温室盆栽防效结果表明,K99的发酵菌液对南方根结线虫的防效为89%。K99能产生一种外分泌有杀线活性的物质,其热稳定性好,具有重要的开发利用价值。     

Changes in soil macropores: Superposition of the roles of organic nutrient amendments and the greenhouse pattern in vegetable plantations

Organic farming can potentially mitigate soil compaction, which commonly occurs in vegetable plantations, particularly in greenhouses when compared with open‐air systems. Although several studies have addressed the effect of planting patterns on soil pore characteristics, few studies have focused on changes in pore attributes under organic fertilization. We used adjacent fields during green manure planting as a control to compare the differences in soil physicochemical and macropore parameters between 14‐year‐old greenhouse plots and open‐air plots under organic fertilization. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to analyse the drivers of soil macropore characteristics in vegetable plantations in Jiangsu Province, China. A significant increase in connectivity, fractal dimensions and total macroporosity and a decrease in bulk density after 14 years of organic farming, particularly in the surface layer in the greenhouse, were observed. However, the difference in pores in the plough pan layer was not significant between the treatments. The volume of small pores (50–500 μm) and medium pores (500–1,000 μm) increased significantly (p < 0.05) in both the greenhouse and open‐air systems, showing significantly positive relationships with soil organic matter (SOM) and total nitrogen (TN) content. Large pores (>1,000 μm) showed a clear decrease, especially in open‐air fields, possibly due to the disappearance of the original straw residues in the surface layer. Small and medium pores in the plough layer increased in greenhouse fields, whereas the opposite occurred in open‐air fields. Overall, compared with open‐air systems, long‐term organic greenhouse patterns had a significantly positive effect on soil pore attributes.