Assessment of soil aggregation properties after conversion from rice to greenhouse organic cultivation on SOC controlling mechanism

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Organic manure is beneficial for macro-aggregate formation and soil organic carbon (SOC), but how SOC change in aggregate fractions in time-series is still...     

Remediation of saline-sodic soil using organic and inorganic amendments: physical,chemical, and enzyme activity properties

Purpose

Crops grow poorly in saline-sodic soils, and the productivity of these soils can be dramatically improved with proper amendments. Current research mainly focuses on either organic or inorganic soil amendments, whereas few studies address options of combining organic and inorganic amendments. The objective of this study was to develop new organic and inorganic soil amendments which can lower the soil pH, replace sodium, and improve soil structure.

Materials and methods

Polyhalite (PL), microporous potassium-silicon-calcium mineral fertilizer (MF), furfural residue (FR), and fulvic acid (FA) were mixed with four different ratios to produce organic and inorganic soil amendments: PLFR, PLFA, MFFR, and MFFA. And their optimum mixing ratios were determined by comparing the potassium, calcium concentrations, and pH of filtrate after dissolution. Then, a leaching experiment was conducted by packing mixtures (mass ratio of soil to amendment = 219:1, equivalent to 13 t/hm²) of the saline-sodic soil with each one of these amendments plus two contrasts, gypsum (GP), and no amendment (CK). And the remediation effect was compared by pH, EC, ESP, texture, organic recombination degree of clay, saturated hydraulic conductivity, water-stable aggregates fraction, and enzyme (urease, alkaline phosphatase, and catalase) activities of soil.

Results and discussion

After four times leaching experiment, soil treated with PLFR had lower pH and 25.86% lower exchangeable sodium than untreated soils. The water-stable small macroaggregate fractions and saturated hydraulic conductivity of the MFFR-treated soils were significantly increased by 133% and 31%, respectively. Also, the total soil and heavy fraction organic carbons of the soils treated with MFFR in addition to its alkaline phosphatase activity were all significantly higher than the other treatments.

Conclusions

The results revealed that MFFR has more potential as a soil amendment to improve soil structure and quality and thus help in the development and use of saline-sodic lands for agriculture.

     

Effect of soil acidification on the growth and nitrogen use efficiency of maize in Ultisols

Purpose

To examine the effect of soil acidification on growth and nitrogen (N) uptake by maize in Ultisols.

Materials and methods

A clay Ultisol derived from Quaternary red earth and a sandy Ultisol derived from tertiary red sandstone were used in this study. A pot experiment was conducted with maize growing in the two Ultisols acidified to different pH values. Urea with ¹⁵N abundance of 10.11% was used to investigate the distribution of N fertilizer between soil and plant. Total N content and ¹⁵N abundance in plant and soil samples were determined by elemental analysis-isotope mass spectrometry.

Results and discussion

Critical soil pHs of 4.8 and 5.0 were observed for maize growing in the clay and sandy Ultisols, respectively. Below the critical soil pH, increasing soil pH significantly increased maize height and the yield of maize shoots and roots (both P < 0.05), but changes in soil pH showed no significant effect on maize growth above the critical soil pH in both Ultisols. Maize growing in the sandy Ultisol was more sensitive to changes in soil pH than in the clay Ultisol. Increase in the pH in both Ultisols also increased N accumulation in maize, the N derived from fertilizer in maize, physiological N use efficiency, and N use efficiency (NUE) by maize. Changes in soil pH had a greater effect on these parameters below the critical soil pH, compared to above. The change in soil pH had a greater effect on N accumulation in maize, the N derived from fertilizer in maize, and NUE in the sandy Ultisol than in the clay Ultisol. The NUE increased by 24.4% at pH 6.0, compared with pH 4.0 in the clay Ultisol, while the NUE at pH 5.0 was 4.8 times that at pH 4.0 in the sandy Ultisol. The increase in soil pH increased the ratio of N accumulation in maize/soil residue N and decreased the potential loss of fertilizer N from both Ultisols.

Conclusions

Soil acidification inhibited maize growth, reduced N uptake by maize, and thus, decreased NUE. To maintain soil pH of acidic soils above the critical values for crops is of practical importance for sustainable food production in acidic soils.

     

陆地棉REM基因家族全基因组鉴定及表达分析

[目的]REM(Reproductive meristem)基因家族编码一类转录因子在植物生长发育过程中发挥重要作用,但在棉花中未见报道.[方法]基于陆地棉基因组数据和公共数据库中的转录组数据,运用生物信息学方法对陆地棉REM基因家族成员进行系统鉴定,并对该基因家族的理化性质、基因结构、组织表达特异性以及胁迫条件下的表...     

1966-2017年贵州省降雨侵蚀力的时空分布特征

[目的] 分析贵州省1966—2017年降雨侵蚀力R值的时空演变规律,为评估该地区降雨对土壤侵蚀的防治、制定水土保持措施及农业生产规划提供参考。[方法] 基于贵州省33个气象站点1966—2017年的日降雨资料,利用克里金插值法、经验正交函数（EOF）方法、Mann-Kendall检验、Morlet小波分析法等,对贵州省52 a的降雨侵蚀力R值的时空特征进行了分析。[结果] ①EOF分析方法可以较好地解释降水侵蚀力的时空分布特征,其前两个特征向量累计贡献率达52%,揭示了贵州省降雨侵蚀力全局型和东西反向型两种典型的分布模态。分析特征向量所对应的时间系数可得,贵州省的降水侵蚀力主要表现为全省全年偏大、全省全年偏小、东大西小、东小西大4种类型;②贵州省降雨侵蚀力R值年内主要受汛期降雨影响,全省各县市汛期降雨侵蚀力R值均占全年总量的60%以上;③在年际变化上,降雨侵蚀力R值存在多突变的现象,1971—1981年突变频率最为频繁。通过周期检验发现其变化主周期为28 a,次周期分别为12 a和6 a。[结论] 贵州省降雨侵蚀力的时空分布与降雨量的时空分布趋势近似,整体呈现南部大北部小,夏季大冬季小的趋势,在未来几年内降雨侵蚀力R值有上升的趋势。     

冲击式速冻设备上下送风速度对虾仁冻结过程的影响

随着人们对速冻食品品质的要求不断提高,商家对食品速冻技术的要求也在不断提高,冲击式速冻技术作为目前先进的速冻技术之一成为研究热点。但由于其高速射流冲击导致的内部换热区流场的不均匀会造成设备换热效率差,能效比低等问题。为找到使得设备换热区流场最优的送风速度,该文以明虾虾仁为研究对象,利用数值模拟结合试验验证的方法研究了冲击式速冻设备中上下送风速度对虾仁冻结过程的影响,分为上下两侧风速保持一致且同时改变;上侧送风速度为15 m/s、下侧为0~15 m/s;以及下侧送风速度为15 m/s、上侧为0~15 m/s 3个试验组进行研究。研究结果为:当冲击式速冻设备两侧送风速度保持一致时,随着风速的增大,虾仁冻结时长缩短但减小幅度也会不断减小;当上下两侧送风速度大小相差悬殊时,两股冲击射流相对冲击会在低速侧形成促进虾仁表面流场流动的涡流,提高换热效率,减小虾仁冻结时长;当上下两侧送风速度大小相差不大时,两股冲击射流相对冲击会在虾仁表面形成流速较低的射流"真空区",降低虾仁换热效率,增大虾仁冻结时长;在试验的两侧送风速度范围内,当上侧送风速度为15 m/s,下侧送风速度为2 m/s时,虾仁对流换热强度最大,冻结时长最短。     

Heat stress-induced mucosal barrier dysfunction is potentially associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis in pigs

Heat stress(HS)can be detrimental to the gut health of swine.Many negative outcomes induced by HS are increasingly recognized as including modulation of intestinal microbiota.In turn,the intestinal microbiota is a unique ecosystem playing a critical role in mediating the host stress response.Therefore,we aimed to characterize gut microbiota of pigs’exposure to short-term HS,to explore a possible link between the intestinal microbiota and HS-related changes,including serum cytokines,oxidation status,and intestinal epithelial barrier function.Our findings showed that HS led to intestinal morphological and integrity changes(villus height,serum diamine oxidase[DAO],serum D-lactate and the relative expressions of tight junction proteins),reduction of serum cytokines(interleukin[IL]-8,IL-12,interferongamma[IFN-g]),and antioxidant activity(higher glutathione[GSH]and malondialdehyde[MDA]content,and lower superoxide dismutase[SOD]).Also,16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed that although there was no difference in microbial a-diversity,some HS-associated composition differences were revealed in the ileum and cecum,which partly led to an imbalance in the production of short-chain fatty acids including propionate acid and valerate acid.Relevance networks revealed that HS-derived changes in bacterial genera and microbial metabolites,such as Chlamydia,Lactobacillus,Succinivibrio,Bifidobacterium,Lachnoclostridium,and propionic acid,were correlated with oxidative stress,intestinal barrier dysfunction,and inflammation in pigs.Collectively,our observations suggest that intestinal damage induced by HS is probably partly related to the gut microbiota dysbiosis,though the underlying mechanism remains to be fully elucidated.     

狂犬病病毒SYBR-GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

狂犬病病毒为不分节段单链负股的RNA病毒,属弹状病毒科狂犬病病毒属。世界上几乎所有国家都有狂犬病发生,狂犬病病毒能够使所有温血动物发病致死,死亡率高达100%。本研究根据GenBank中的狂犬病病毒M基因序列,选择保守区域设计引物,通过对SYBR-GreenⅠ实时荧光PCR反应条件进行优化,建立了用于检测狂犬病病毒的SYBR-GreenⅠ实时荧光PCR方法。结果显示,建立的狂犬病病毒实时荧光定量PCR方法,具有特异性强、灵敏度高、重复性好的优点,是开展狂犬病的临床检测的有力工具。     

不同品种杂交棉的光合特性及产量比较

在大田栽培条件下,研究了杂交棉豫杂35、中棉29、标杂A2、标杂A1、经杂2号的主茎叶的光合特性及其产量和纤维品质,结果表明:豫杂35由于其叶片功能期Pn较高,且衰老慢,其叶片的Pn、Fv/Fm和ФPSⅡ日变化幅度又较小,对强光利用能力强,全天光合速率较高,从而获得显著高的最高产量;中棉29、标杂A2、和经杂2号获得较标杂A1显著高的产量;标杂A1由于叶片早衰且叶片光合性能相对较差,而产量最低,纤维品质较差。     

内置钢箱—混凝土组合梁正截面承载力计算方法研究

内置钢箱—混凝土组合梁在既有房屋的套建增层改造及巨型框架的建造中具有广阔的应用前景。由于钢箱与混凝土的接触面积相对较小,且钢箱对其腹板两侧混凝土无法形成如内置H型钢对混凝土的有效约束,这些特点使得内置钢箱—混凝土组合梁的正截面承载力计算方法不同于内置H型钢—混凝土组合梁。针对这一问题,给出以平截面假定为基础的内置钢箱—混凝土组合梁正截面受弯承载力计算公式,并得到了折减系数的取值,从而得到符合内置钢箱—混凝土组合梁自身特点的正截面受弯承载力计算公式。