Bemerkungen zu einigen kultiviertenSorghum-Sippen auf der Grundlage ihrer Korrelationsstruktur

Zusammenfassung Die Korrelationsstruktur kultivierterSorghum-Sippen wurde mittels Berechnungen von Koeffizienten der Divergenz der Korrelationen (KDK) und Ähnlichkeitskoeffizienten (ÄK) untersucht. Dafür wurden22 Merkmale an 54 nach dem System vonJakusevkij (1969) 7 Kulturarten zugerechnetenSorghum-Sippen geprüft. Besonders wurden morphologische Merkmale der vegetativen Sphäre und ökologische Merkmale untersucht, die gewöhnlich für dieSorghum-Systematik, die sich auf Merkmale der Organe der generativen Sphäre gründet, keine große Rolle spielen.Nach den Ergebnissen von KDK und ÄK erweist sich der S.durra-Komplex, der deutlich viele Kulturpflanzenmerkmale zeigt, als besonders hoch entwickelt. Ihm sehr ähnlich ist derS. nervosum-Komplex. DerS. guineense-Komplex dagegen steht weit von diesen Artenkomplexen, die sich im Zentrum der Diagramme befinden (Abb. 3 und 4), entfernt. Seine Merkmale entsprechen im Durchschnitt auch mehr dem Wildtyp.Beim Studium der Korrelationsstruktur war es möglich, anhand der von uns gewählten Merkmale manche Artenkomplexe deutlich zu unterscheiden. Es wird festgestellt, daß einige der in neuerer Zeit zu einer Art zusammengefaßten kultiviertenSorghum- Sippen als eigenständige Arten aufgefaßt werden können.

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Remarks on some cultivatedSorghum races on the basis of their correlation structure

Summary The correlation structure of cultivatedSorghum races was studied by using the coefficient of divergence of correlations (KDK) and the coefficient of similiarity (ÄK). In 54Sorghum races (table 1), which were grouped into 7 species (table 2) according toJakuevskij (1969),22 characters (table 3) were studied. Above all morphological characters from vegetative organs and ecological characters were tested, which do not play an important role for the systematics ofSorghum, because this is founded on characters from generative organs mainly. The results from KDK (fig. 3) and ÄK (fig. 4) show that theS. durra — complex is highly developed and has many characters of cultivated plants. TheS. nervosum-complex is similar to it. Whereas theS. guineense — complex can be found at the periphery of the diagrams (fig. 3 and 4) far away from the already mentioned complexes, which are located in the centres of the diagrams. The characters of theS. guineense — complex are similar to the wildSorghums mainly.From the study of the correlation structure it was possible to separate some of the species — complexes very clearly by using the above mentioned characters. We can state that some of the cultivatedSorghums, which are now often united into one species, may be regarded as good species.

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Sorghum

0 ( ) (ÄK). 22 ( . 3) 54 (. 1) (1969) 7 (. 2). , , . , . ÄK , S. durra . S. nervosum. ,S. guineense (. 3 4) . . , . , .

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Die Arbeit entstand während eines längerfristigen Arbeitsaufenthaltes. Mein Dank gilt dem VIR für Arbeitsmöglichkeiten und Material.     

Collection of land-races of cultivated plants in South Italy, 1984

Summary In continuation of collecting missions in the last four years a further mission has been carried out in South Italy jointly by staff members of the Istituto del Germoplasma, Bari, and the Zentralinstitut für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, in September 1984 for studying and collecting indigenous forms of cultivated plants and their wild relatives. 185 samples, mainly of cereals, vegetables and grain legumes have been collected. The material represents highly variable old land-races; this is especially true for wheat, oats, maize,Brassica spp., french beans and faba beans. In Sicily wildBrassica spp. have been collected and in some places introgression from wild into cultivatedBrassica races could be observed. The results of this mission increase our knowledge concerning the flora of cultivated plants of South Italy considerably and stress the necessity for continuing the exploration of plant genetic resources in this region.

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Sammlung von Kulturpflanzen-Landsorten in Süditalien 1984

Zusammenfassung In Fortführung von Sammelreisen der letzten vier Jahre wurde eine weitere Reise in Süditalien gemeinsam von Mitarbeitern des Istituto del Germoplasma, Bari, und des Zentralinstituts für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, im September 1984 unternommen, die dem Studium und der Sammlung indigener Formen von Kulturpflanzen und ihrer verwandten Wildsippen diente. 185 Proben, vor allem von Getreiden, Gemüsen und Körnerleguminosen, wurden gesammelt. Das Material besteht aus hochvariablen alten Landsorten, besonders von Weizen, Hafer, Mais, Kohlsippen, Gartenbohnen und Ackerbohnen. In Sizilien wurden Wildkohle gesammelt, und an einigen Stellen konnten Introgressionen von Wildin Kultursippen beobachtet werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Sammelreise, die unsere Kenntnisse der Kulturpflanzenflora Süditaliens beträchtlich erweitern, unterstreichen die Notwendigkeit zur Fortführung der Exploration pflanzengenetischer Ressourcen dieses Gebietes.

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1984

. 1984 . . 185 , , , ; ; , , , , , . , . , , .

     

Prüfung vonAegilops-Arten auf Resistenz gegenPseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (Fron) Deighton

Zusammenfassung 490 Sippen von 21Aegilops-Arten wurden in den Jahren 1980 bis 1982 unter Freilandbedingungen mit künstlicher Infektion auf Resistenz gegenüber dem Erreger der Halmbruchkrankheit des Getreides,Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (Fron) Deighton geprüft. Außerdem erfolgte an ausgewählten Sippen die Prüfung der Jungpflanzenanfälligkeit im Phytotron. Unter denAegilops-Mustern erwiesen sich im Freiland 31 Herkünfte als resistent bzw. schwach anfällig. Im einzelnen handelte es sich um Vertreter der ArtenAe. ventricosa, Ae. triuncialis, Ae. kotschyi, Ae. bicornis, Ae. columnaris, Ae. lorentii, Ae. peregrina, Ae. geniculata, Ae. speltoides, Ae. crassa undAe. tauschii. Die im Jungpflanzenstadium geprüften 7 Sippen, 3 vonAe. ventricosa und je 1 vonAe. bicornis, Ae. kotschyi undAe. lorentii, waren ebenfalls resistent bzw. schwach anfällig.

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TestingAegilops species for their reaction toPseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (Fron) Deighton

Summary From 1980–1982 490 accessions out of 21Aegilops species were tested in a field trial with artificial infection regarding their resistance toPseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (Fron) Deighton in cereal crops. Simultaneously, selected accessions were checked for their susceptibility in the seedling stage under controlled conditions in the phytotrone. Among theAegilops samples 31 accessions proved to be resistant or only slightly susceptible. This refers toAe. ventricosa, Ae. triuncialis, Ae. kotschyi, Ae. bicornis, Ae. columnaris, Ae. lorentii, Ae. peregrina, Ae. geniculata, Ae. speltoides, Ae. crassa andAe. tauschii. The accessions checked in the seedling stage, i. e. 3 ofAe. ventricosa and 1 ofAe. bicornis, Ae. kotschyi andAe. lorentii, showed also resistance or only low susceptibility.

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Aegilops Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides

1980–1982 . 490 21 Aegilops Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (Fron) Deighton. , . Aegilops 31 ; ¶rt; Ae. ventricosa, Ae. triuncialis, Ae. kotschyi, Ae. bicornis, Ae. columnaris, Ae. lorentii, Ae. peregrina, Ae. geniculata, Ae. speltoides, Ae. crassa, Ae. tauschii. , , Ae. ventricosa Ae. bicornis, Ae. kotschyi, Ae. lorentii .

     

Phytoextraction of Cd and Zn with Salix viminalis in field trials

Abstract. Use of high biomass crops such as the willow Salix viminalis to extract metals for soil remediation has been proposed as an alternative to the low biomass-producing hyperaccumulating plants. High yields compensate for the moderate heavy-metal concentrations in the shoots of such species. We report the first long-term trials using Salix viminalis to extract heavy metals from two contaminated soils, one calcareous (5 years) and one acidic (2 years). Total metals extracted by the plants were 170 g Cd ha⁻¹ and 13.4 kg Zn ha⁻¹ from the calcareous soil after 5 years, and 47 g Cd ha⁻¹ and 14.5 kg Zn ha⁻¹ from the acidic soil after 2 years; in the first year outputs were negligible. After 2 years, Salix had performed better on the acidic soil because of larger biomass production and higher metal concentrations in shoots. Addition of elemental sulphur to the soil did not yield any additional benefit in the long term, but application of an Fe chelate improved the biomass production. Cd and Zn concentrations were significantly higher in leaves than stems, highlighting the necessity to collect leaves as well as shoots. On both soils, concentration in shoots decreased with time, indicating a decrease in extraction efficiency.     

Report on a travel to the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 1983 for the collection of indigenous taxa of cultivated plants

Summary The mission was carried out within the Mediterranean Programme of the IBPGR in April/May 1983 with participants from the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Agricultural Research Centre, Tarabulus), the Istituto del Germoplasma, Bari, and the Zentralinstitut für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben. In Tripolitania, the Fezzan- and Ghadmis-areas 316 samples, mostly cereals and vegetables, have been collected. In Tripolitania and the Ghadmis-area the land-races have been nearly completely replaced by new varieties. In the Fezzan genetic erosion is in progress. There, several cereal- and vegetable-land-races could still be collected. The land-races may be useful for breeding programmes.

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Bericht über eine Reise in die Sozialistische Libysche Arabische Volksjamahiriya 1983 zur Sammlung autochthoner Sippen von Kulturpflanzen

Zusammenfassung Die Reise erfolgte im Rahmen des Mediterranean Programme des IBPGR im April/Mai 1983 mit Teilnehmern aus der Sozialistischen Libyschen Arabischen Volksjamahiriya (Agricultural Research Centre, Tarbulus), des Istituto del Germoplasma, Bari, und des Zentralinstituts für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben. In Tripolitanien, dem Fezzan und dem Gebiet von Ghadmis wurden 316 Proben, meist von Getrieden und Gemüsen, gesammelt. In Tripolitanien und dem Gebiet von Ghadmis sind die Landsorten fast vollständig von neueren Sorten verdrängt worden. Im Fezzan schreitet die Generosion fort. Hier konnten noch zahlreiche Getreide- und Gemüselandsorten gesammelt werden. Die Landsorten können für Züchtungsprogramme nützlich sein.

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1983 .

— 1983 . ( .-. ), . , 316 , . . , . .

     

Taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants: Literature review 1980/1981

Summary Important papers on taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants published in 1980 and 1981 were compiled and briefly discussed.

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Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen: Literaturübersicht 1980/1981

Zusammenfassung Wichtige Arbeiten über Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen aus den Jahren 1980 und 1981 wurden zusammengestellt und kurz kommentiert.

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: 1980–1981 .

, 1980 1981 . .

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Herrn Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. mult. H.Stubbe aus Anlaß der 80. Wiederkehr seines Geburtstages gewidmet.     

Separation by carrier-free electrophoresis of subpopulations of bovine alveolar macrophages

Carrier-free electrophoresis was used to separate subpopulations of bovine alveolar macrophages according to their electrical surface charges. The electrophoretic mobility of the macrophages changed significantly as a function of the time of cultivation in vitro. After 20 h, three subgroups were identified which differed in their specific contents of lysosomal hydrolases, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase, and alkaline phosphodiesterase. By comparing the findings with results from the literature it was concluded that the subgroups correspond to different stages of maturation and that the fraction moving fastest may be the most mature fraction. The results were not influenced by phagocytosis and the presence or absence of Ca2+.     

Changes in soil properties after 10 years continuous non-tilled and conventionally tilled corn

Soil properties were evaluated after 10 years of continuous non-tilled and conventionally tilled corn (Zea mays L.) production on a Maury silt loam (Typic Paleudalfs) soil, which had been in bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) for 50 years. On limed and nonlimed plots soil samples from 0, 84, 168 and 336 kg/ha N treatments were taken in the 0–5, 5–15 and 15–30 cm layers for determination of organic C and N, soil pH, and exchangeable Al, Mn, Ca, Mg, K.Tillage treatments had no effect on soil bulk density in the 0–15 cm layer. In the 0–5 cm surface layer, organic C and N were approximately twice as high with no-tillage as with conventional tillage; N fertilizer induced a high level of both organic C and organic N. No-tillage decreased soil pH for unlimed plots as compared to conventional tillage, especially at high N-rates, which produced an increase in exchangeable Al and Mn and a decrease in exchangeable Ca down to the 30 cm depth. When lime was applied, the pH of the surface soil was slightly higher under no-tillage. On treatments receiving lime, exchangeable Al and Mn levels were very low with no significant difference in tillage systems. At low rates of N fertilization the 10-year average corn yield was higher for conventional tillage than for no-tillage, but at high rates of N fertilization it was equal or higher for no-tillage treatments receiving lime. Unlimed no-tillage treatments produced lower yields at all N levels during 1975–1979. Deterioration of soil physical properties was not observed.     

Collection and ethnobotanical investigation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Corchorus</Emphasis> species in Ethiopia: potential leafy vegetables for dry regions

Little information is available regarding the biodiversity and potential use of jute (Corchorus species) in Ethiopian agriculture. The present study summarizes species’ occurrence, use, geographical distribution, ecology, and ethnobotany of Corchorus species in Ethiopia. An ecogeographical study, conducted in the Amhara, Oromia and Gambella Regional States in 2005 and 2008 resulted in the collection of seven different species with more than 100 accessions. The study revealed low similarity in species composition between the Regional States, indicating that each region has its own unique set of species. Species numbers are higher in the north-eastern and south-western than the central part of the country. C. aestuans L. and C. tridens L. are restricted to humid lowlands of south-western part of Ethiopia, growing at elevations up to 490 m, whereas, C. urticifolius Wight et Arn., C. trilocularis L. and C. schimperi Cufod. were collected only in the north-eastern part of the country with elevation ranges of 1,380–2,130 m. The only species collected at a higher elevation (>2,100 m) was C. schimperi Cufod. Farmers’ perception, indigenous knowledge and folk taxonomy of jute species are better in Gambella than the other studied regions. Although several Corchorus species are reported from Ethiopia, these species are neither cultivated nor popularly used as leafy vegetables. This is mainly due to lack of awareness or knowledge about the species use, and abundant distribution of the species that allows gathering of edible leaves with little expenditure of time, labour and other resources. Our results revealed that some species are threatened, which necessitates highest priority for jute germplasm conservation in the country. In addition, creating public awareness about the use of jute species as a cheap source of leafy vegetable will play an important role to diversify food sources, reduce malnutrition, and contribute to household income generation of the farming community.     

Effects of different organic materials and mineral nutrients on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal growth in a Mediterranean saline dryland

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are root symbionts that enhance plant growth and improve soil fertility and soil structure in drylands. Even though AM fungi are obligate biotrophs, organic matter (OM) can stimulate their growth, but the mechanisms behind this are still unknown. Here, we compared the effect of nutrient patches of different OM sources to intrinsic components of OM such as inorganic nutrient supply and an improved soil water-holding capacity (WHC; via application of hydrophilic polymers), on AM fungal growth. Fatty acids extracted from in-growth mesh bags incubated in the field were used as biomarkers for AM fungi and other soil microbes. We found an enhancement of AM fungal growth in certain nutrient patches. Two out of three OM types stimulated AM fungal growth strongly, and also the addition of inorganic nutrients enhanced AM fungi, though to a lesser extent than OM. Enhanced soil WHC, on the other hand, did not influence AM fungal growth. AMF were more strongly enhanced by the mineral nutrients relative to other soil organisms. Intrinsic nutrients might be an important factor for AMF growth stimulation in OM additions, but there was no evidence that nutrients alone can explain this phenomenon.