Fatty acid profiles and sensory and carcass traits of tissues from steers and swine fed an elevated monounsaturated fat diet

Twelve Angus X Hereford steers were assigned to either a control high-energy diet or a test diet consisting of 20% rapeseed at the expense of 20% corn. Twelve pigs were allotted to a control diet and two test diets containing either 10 or 20% canola oil (CO). Both CO and oil in the rapeseed contained 60 to 64% oleic acid. Cattle fed rapeseed exhibited little effect from the diet due to apparent indigestibility of the rapeseed. Total saturated fatty acids decreased from 40% in adipose tissue of the control pigs to 15% in the 20% CO-fed pigs. The ratio of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acids (M/S) increased from 1.19 in adipose tissue from control pigs to 3.63 with the addition of 20% CO to the diet. In muscle, the M/S ratio increased from 1.21 in control pigs to 2.46 in the 20% CO treatment group. The percentage of the saturated fatty acids in muscle decreased from 42% in the control to 23% in the 20% CO treatment. Significant increases in "oiliness" and decreases in fat firmness were observed when increasing levels of canola oil were fed. Sensory traits, cooking loss and shear-force values of pork chops were similar among treatment groups. In conclusion, monounsaturated fatty acid content can be elevated substantially in pork without adversely influencing the quality of the meat, thus producing a product perceived to be more healthful by the consumer.     

Adrenal-associated changes in experimental sporidesmin poisoning of sheep

Sporidesmin-dosed hoggets which developed photosensitisation were shown to have enlarged adrenal glands and premature involution of the thymus. These sheep also developed high concentrations of plasma cortisol after the onset of photosensitisation. Sporidesmin-dosed sheep which did not show photosensitisation showed less or no adrenal associated changes.     

Facial eczema in goats: the toxicity of sporidesmin in goats and its pathology

Groups of six goats were orally dosed with sporidesmin at rates of 0.3, 0.6, 1.2 and 2.4 mg of sporidesmin per kg body weight and their responses up to 6 weeks later compared with those of sheep dosed at the same time. Clinical facial eczema and pathological lesions similar to those found in sheep were found in all the goat breeds, but at higher dose rates of sporidesmin than those which caused equivalent lesions in sheep. Saanens were the most susceptible goat breed, requiring 2-4 times as much sporidesmin as sheep to achieve similar effects. G4 and feral goats required 4-8 times the sheep dose of sporidesmin to obtain similar responses. Gamma-glutamyltransferase reached its highest serum levels after 20 days while glutamate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase reached their highest levels between 10 and 20 days. Alkaline phosphatase did not rise consistently to high levels in affected goats. The elevation in aspartate aminotransferase levels tended to be early and transient; glutamate dehydrogenase early and prolonged; gamma-glutamyltransferase late and prolonged, and'alkaline phosphatase late and minor. There was considerable individual variation in the time at which elevations occurred and the levels which enzymes reached. Cholesterol and bilirubin levels were high if liver injury was severe.     

Bovine and canine acute phase proteins

Acute phase proteins are serum proteins which increase in concentration during the acute phase response to inflammation or infection. The response occurs in all animals, but in different species the response of individual proteins can be significantly different. Of the numerous acute phase proteins which have been identified in humans, a number have been examined in cattle and dogs but usually on an individual basis with little reference to their part in the acute phase response. Biochemical, physiological and clinical investigations into haptoglobin, fibrinogen, ₁-proteinase inhibitor, ceruloplasmin, seromucoid and C-reactive protein of cattle and dogs have therefore been reviewed with the emphasis on their role in this response to tissue damage.     

Guttural pouch hemorrhage associated with lesions of the maxillary artery in two horses

A two year old Thoroughbred gelding, presented with guttural pouch hemorrhage, had the internal and external carotid arteries ligated. Guttural pouch mycosis was detected on endoscopic examination. After one month of topical antifungal therapy, the horse was returned and euthanized because of recurrent epistaxis. A bacterial infection of the guttural pouch with associated ulceration and hemorrhage from the maxillary artery was found at necropsy.

A two year old grade gelding had ulceration and hemorrhage from the external carotid artery. Utilizing balloon-tipped catheters and arterial ligation, hemestasis was achieved in the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery and its branches. Mycotic ulceration of the internal carotid artery was detected endoscopically and treated with local antifungal therapy for one month. Thirty-three days postoperatively the horse returned, bleeding from a lesion in the maxillary artery. The rationale for surgical intervention to prevent epistaxis associated with guttural pouch mycosis and possible etiologies for postsurgical epistaxis are discussed.

     

Hypocalcaemia associated with high dose rates of zinc oxide to lactating dairy cows

Clinical hypocalcaemia was associated with single doses of three oi more days; supply of zinc oxide to dairy cows for facial eczema control. Experimental hand dosing of a single dose of zinc oxide (40 and 120 mg Zn/kg b wt) to Jersey cows caused a significant drop in serum calcium concentration at 24 h followed by a rise to concentrations higher than controls at subsequent samplings over four days. At the highest zinc dose rate, 78% of serum calcium values were equal to or lower than the lowest control value at 24 h post dosing. Serum magnesium concentrations had a reciprocal relationship to the calcium levels at all samplings. Serum zinc concentrations were most elevated over the 48 h post dosing, returning to normal levels at the fifth day. Following the highest zinc dose milk yields were reduced by approximately 1.5 kg milk/cow/day for 48 h. Similar results were obtained when cows grazed pasture on which large amounts of zinc oxide had been sprayed.