基于主成分- 聚类分析的植烟土壤障碍因子诊断

烤烟长期连作与过度施肥导致土壤障碍问题频发,病虫害增加,严重影响烟叶质量。通过对以烤烟为中心的不同作物轮作模式下土壤障碍因子识别与评价,探究烤烟轮作体系下土壤酶活性的响应规律,并建立障碍模型,对保障植烟土壤高质量、可持续发展经营具有重要意义。采集分析了丽江金沙江流域5县（区）植烟区大麦-烤烟（Ⅰ）、大蒜-烤烟（Ⅱ）、油菜-烤烟（Ⅲ）和蚕豆-烤烟（Ⅳ）主要轮作模式土壤典型样品111个,利用主成分分析法结合聚类分析法分析了19个土壤养分指标,从中挖掘主要障碍因子,并探究土壤酶活性的响应机制,同时引入障碍度模型对不同轮作模式下土壤养分因子进行定量化分析。结果表明：不同轮作模式下土壤主要障碍因子存在差异。大麦-烤烟（Ⅰ）模式中土壤障碍因子有4个,pH、全氮和水解性氮均属土壤重度障碍因子,有机质属轻度障碍,障碍度为8.29%。大蒜-烤烟（Ⅱ）模式中,有效磷和有效锌障碍度分别为5.67%和9.98%,均属于轻度障碍;水解性氮、交换性镁和有效铁障碍度分别为42.34%、28.41%和19.28%,属于重度障碍。油菜-烤烟（Ⅲ）模式中,有机质、全氮、水解性氮和交换性镁等土壤障碍因子均属重度障碍,障碍度...     

Gonadal structure analysis of Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862) from a wild population: a new insight into the morphotype characterization

The aim of this work is to correlate the histological gonad analysis of adult male Macrobrachium amazonicum of a wild population with morphotypes identified in populations reared in earthen ponds. A total of 500 adult male specimens were collected in the Mosqueiro Island, Municipality of Belém, State of Pará, Brazil. The animals were classified on the basis of body and cheliped colour, second right cheliped spination, total length, cheliped length and weight. The gonads of each morphotype were fixed, processed by histological techniques and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. All four morphotypes, translucent claw (TC), cinnamon claw (CC), green claw 1 (GC1) and green claw 2 (GC2), were identified in the wild population, indicating the same population structure described for cultured animals. The M. amazonicum testes are composed of multiple lobes. The TC gonads showed a population of germ cells in the eccentric portion of the seminiferous tubule and few spermatozoa in the central region. Cinnamon claw males exhibited a large cell population with intense meiotic activity and sparse spermatozoa. Regardless of the different external morphologies of GC1 and GC2, no histological differences were found in their gonads; both had a large number of gametes and similar spermatogenic cell population. Despite the external morphological evidences of the four morphotypes, the histological criteria indicate the existence of only three morphotypes: TC, CC and green claw (GC).     

烹制工具及烹饪方法对鸡肉品质的影响

通过感官、风味、水分、蛋白质、脂肪及游离氨基酸等指标的测定,研究不同烹制工具和烹饪方法对鸡肉品质的影响。结果表明:电磁炉(induction cooker,IC)、电压力锅(electric pressure cooker,EPC)、电炉(electric stove,ES) 3种烹制工具对鸡肉的感官品质和营养特性均有显著影响(P0.05),电磁炉加热鸡肉的感官品质最好,且脂肪含量较低。烤制、煮制、蒸制3种烹饪方法下鸡肉的香气、滋味和游离氨基酸含量都存在显著差异(P0.05);蒸制方式下鸡肉的各种游离氨基酸含量均处于较高水平,蒸制有利于鸡肉蛋白质降解产生较多的滋味物质。     

利用马克隆值差异显著的BILs鉴定棉纤维品质相关基因

【目的】马克隆值是衡量棉纤维品质的重要指标之一。利用马克隆值存在显著差异的2个陆海回交近交系材料进行高通量基因芯片分析,旨在筛选和鉴定棉纤维发育相关的关键基因。【方法】从SG747(Gossypium hirsutum L.)和Giza75(Gossypium Barbadense L.)高世代回交近交系(Backcross Inbred Lines,BILs)群体中选取NMGA-140(马克隆值6.2)和NMGA-051(马克隆值4.0)为材料,利用Affymetrix公司的棉花寡聚核苷酸基因芯片对其开花后10 DPA(Days after anthesis)的棉纤维进行了表达谱分析。【结果】获得了2655个差异表达基因,包括功能预测基因(15.57%),翻译、核糖体结构与生物合成相关基因(13.54%)和翻译后修饰、蛋白质转换、分子伴侣相关基因(9.31%)等。推测β-tub10正向调控棉纤维发育过程,β-tub1负向调控棉纤维发育过程,Ghi.3578.1.S1_s_at在棉纤维发育早期起到了作用。【结论】为棉花纤维品质的遗传改良提供了丰富的基因资源,为分子标记辅助育种开发更多新的分子标记。     

A new measure of longitudinal connectivity for stream networks

Habitat connectivity is a central factor in shaping aquatic biological communities, but few tools exist to describe and quantify this attribute at a network scale in riverine systems. Here, we develop a new index to quantify longitudinal connectivity of river networks based on the expected probability of an organism being able to move freely between two random points of the network. We apply this index to two fish life histories and evaluate the effects of the number, passability, and placement of barriers on river network connectivity through the use of simulated dendritic ecological networks. We then extend the index to a real world dendritic river system in Newfoundland, Canada. Our results indicate that connectivity in river systems, as represented by our index, is most impacted by the first few barriers added to the system. This is in contrast to terrestrial systems, which are more resilient to low levels of connectivity. The results show a curvilinear relationship between barrier passability and structural connectivity. This suggests that an incremental improvement in passability would result in a greater improvement to river network connectivity for more permeable barriers than for less permeable barriers. Our analysis of the index in simulated and real river networks also showed that barrier placement played an important role in connectivity. Not surprisingly, barriers located near the river mouth have the greatest impact on fish with diadromous life histories while those located near the center of the river network have the most impact on fish with potadromous life histories. The proposed index is conceptually simple and sufficiently flexible to deal with variations in river structure and biological communities. The index will enable researchers to account for connectivity in habitat studies and will also allow resource managers to characterize watersheds, assess cumulative impacts of multiple barriers and determine priorities for restoration.     

最小量润滑精密车削中切削液的渗透

分析了最小量润滑(MQL)切削中供液方位、供液距离等因素对切削液渗透能力的影响.在SB-CNC超精密数控机床上进行了MQL车削45号钢试验,通过对切削力、表面粗糙度和切屑形态的研究表明:喷嘴位于主后刀面且距刀尖20 mm处供应较大量的切削液能达到良好的切削效果.     

Effects of Inoculation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus and Apophysomyces spartina on P-uptake of Castor Oil Plant(Ricinus communis L.) and Rhizosphere Soil Enzyme Activities under Salt Stress

[目的]为了探索复合接种微生物对海滨盐土改良以及促进生长植物的作用机理。[方法]利用盆栽试验考察在海滨盐土中接种不同比例的AM真菌和盐沼鳞质霉菌（Apophysomycesspartina）对蓖麻生长、叶绿素含量、磷吸收和土壤速效磷含量、pH值、土壤酶活性的影响。[结果]AM真菌和盐沼鳞质霉菌混合接种可显著降低土壤pH值,增加土壤速效磷含量,提高土壤脲酶、转化酶、中性和酸性磷酸酶活性,同时提高了叶片叶绿素含量并增加了蓖麻对磷营养的吸收,在盐胁迫下有效促进了蓖麻幼苗生长。温室条件下在海滨盐土中接种AM真菌和盐沼鳞质霉菌促进蓖麻生长最有效的混合比例是28,56：11,5×10^5（AM真菌孢子数：盐沼鳞质霉菌落数）。[结论]适当比例的AM真菌与解磷真菌具有提高海滨盐土质量并促进蓖麻生长的潜力。