激光平地改善土壤水盐分布并提高春小麦产量

为了促进激光平地技术的应用与推广,在河套灌区以普通畦田为对照,分期、分段测定了激光平地畦田0～80 cm土层土壤水分、土壤盐分及春小麦生长状况。结果表明,从渠口到畦尾,激光平地畦田不同地段的土壤水分在春小麦生长的不同时期无显著差异,但从拔节期开始,上层土壤盐分逐渐升高;普通畦田从三叶期开始,上层土壤水分、盐分逐渐提高,且显著或极显著高于激光平地。普通畦田从三叶期开始,激光平地从拔节期开始,从渠口到畦尾,春小麦的生长状况逐渐变差,千粒质量、产量均逐渐降低,但激光平地的春小麦千粒质量、产量高于普通畦田。激光平地改善了畦田的土壤水分、盐分分布,促进了畦田中后段的春小麦生长,提高了畦田中后段的水分利用率及产出率。     

模拟径流条件下工程堆积体陡坡土壤侵蚀过程

工程建设过程中形成的堆积体具有独特的土壤组成及复杂的下垫面条件,堆积体表面土壤结构体缺失、土质松散、植物根系及有机质缺乏等,导致其土壤抗冲性极差,径流条件下堆积体陡坡坡面的土壤侵蚀过程亦表现出不同的特点,该文通过野外放水试验,对高速公路沿线典型堆积体陡坡（36°）在模拟径流冲刷条件下的土壤侵蚀过程进行了研究,结果表明,次径流过程中径流强度变化与放水强度及径流含沙量密切相关,三者之间呈多元线性相关;重力侵蚀对径流含沙量的变化具有重要影响,试验条件下重力作用的临界放水条件在20～25 L/min之间;坡面产沙过程存在产沙量的突变、波动变化和稳定发展3个阶段;不同坡段产沙量的空间分布存在持续稳定减小和震荡式波动衰减2种变化形式;土壤剥蚀率与单宽流量呈线性关系,与时段产沙量及流宽呈幂函数关系;最后,时段产沙量与时段径流量呈幂函数关系,累积产沙量与累积径流量呈线性关系。     

黄土高原不同纬度下刺槐林土壤生态化学计量学特征研究

为了阐明黄土高原不同纬度地区刺槐林土壤的生态化学计量学特征,对黄土高原由南向北13个县区刺槐林下的土壤碳、氮、磷化学计量学特征进行了测定与分析.结果表明:(1)阳坡0 ～ 10 cm土壤C∶N比、C∶P比、N∶P比的变化范围分别为9.48～15.33、8.93～ 59.79、0.77～5.11,10 ～ 20 cm土壤分别为9.13 ～13.57、7.85～ 37.69、0.44 ～ 3.19;阴坡0～ 10 cm土壤C∶N比、C∶P比、N∶P比分别为8.58 ～13.75、9.46 ～ 47.71、0.76～ 3.63,10～20 cm土壤分别为7.60～13.41、5.99 ～31.28、0.54～2.65.(2)土壤全氮的空间分布与有机碳具有一致性,均随纬度的升高呈指数减小的趋势,表层大于表下层,且随着纬度的升高该差异逐渐减小;全磷的空间变异性低于有机碳和全氮,研究区内土壤全磷含量随纬度的升高呈先增加后减小的趋势.(3)土壤C∶N比随纬度的升高无明显的变化趋势,而C∶P比和N∶P比随纬度的升高显著减小;土壤C∶N∶P比均随着土层增加而减小,但差异不显著.     

基于GIS的土壤风蚀模型软件构建

针对当前土壤风蚀监测的实际需求,提出基于GIS技术构建土壤风蚀模型软件的思路和方法。该软件基于DTGIS核心服务平台,以C#为主开发语言,Silverlight为界面开发工具,采用轻型数据库SQLite进行数据存储;该软件可为用户提供GIS查询功能、站点数据管理、风力因子计算、土壤侵蚀模数计算、土壤侵蚀强度分级、时间分析、空间分析等功能服务,支持远程客户端连接和多点同时上传数据;同时,该软件将风蚀模型与GIS系统有机地集成到一起,不仅支持风蚀运算过程的交互,而且可以直接将模型运行结果显示在软件中;软件亦可以制作土壤侵蚀模数专题图、土壤侵蚀强度分级专题图、时空分析图,实现土壤风蚀数据系统化管理和数据可视化管理,为评价土壤风蚀的危害提供科学依据。     

Effects of irrigation and plowing on soil carbon dioxide efflux in a poplar plantation chronosequence in northwest China

Soil respiration in forest plantations can be greatly affected by management practices. Irrigation is necessary for high productivity of poplar plantations in semi-arid northwest China. Moreover, plowing is essential for improving soil quality and reducing evaporation. In the present study, the influences of irrigation and plowing on soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) efflux were investigated in poplar plantations in 2007 and 2008. The experiments included three stand age classes receiving three treatments: control, irrigation, and plowing. Mean soil respiration in irrigation treatment stands was 5.47, 4.86, and 4.43?µmol?m^?2?s^?1 in 3-, 8-, and 15-year-old stands, respectively, during the growing season. In contrast, mean soil respiration in control stands was 3.71, 3.83, and 3.98?µmol?m^?2?s^?1 in 3-, 8-, and 15-year-old stands, respectively. During the entire observation period, mean soil respiration in plowing treatment stands increased by 36.2% compared with that in the control stands. Mean soil respiration in irrigation treatment stands was significantly higher than that in the control stands; this was mainly because fine root growth and decomposer activities were greatly depressed by soil drought, since natural precipitation could not meet their water demands. The results also suggest that plowing management can greatly increase soil CO₂ emission by modifying soil structure. After plowing, soil bulk density decreased and soil aeration was greatly improved, leading to greater rates of oxidation and mineralization.     

Asymmetric warming effects on N dynamics and productivity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Climate warming exhibits strong diurnal variations, with higher warming rates being observed at nighttime, which significantly affects rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and grain yield. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of asymmetric warming (all-day warming, AW; daytime warming from 07:00 to 19:00, DW; nighttime warming from 19:00 to 07:00, NW, and a control, CK) on rice nitrogen (N) dynamics and productivity. Two rice bucket warming experiments were performed in Nanjing in Jiangsu Province, China, using the free air temperature increase (FATI) technique. The daily mean temperatures in the rice canopy in the AW, DW and NW plots were 2.0, 1.1 and 1.3ºC higher than those in the rice canopy in the CK plots, respectively. The results indicated that the total N accumulation of rice was 8.27–40.53% higher in the warming treatment than in the control during the jointing, anthesis and maturity stages. However, there was no significant difference detected among the three warming treatments. The warming treatment substantially decreased N translocation efficiency, leading to the retention of more N in the plant stems during grain filling. The warming treatment also decreased the N harvest index, N utilization efficiency based on grain yield and N utilization efficiencies based on biomass in both growing seasons. The warming treatment significantly increased the aboveground biomass (9.26–16.18%) in the jointing stage but decreased it (2.75–9.63%) in the maturity stage. Although DW increased the carbon (C) gain by photosynthesis and NW increased the C loss by night respiration, the daytime higher-temperature treatment affected rice photosynthesis and reduced its photosynthetic rate and product. This effect may be one of the primary reasons for the insignificant difference in the aboveground biomass between the DW and NW treatments. In the AW, DW and NW plots, the grain yield was reduced by an average of 10.07, 5.05 and 7.89%, respectively, across both years. The effective panicles and grains per spike tended to decrease in the warmed plots, whereas irregular changes in the 1000-grain weight were observed. Our results suggest that under the anticipated climate warming, rice productivity would further decline in the Yangtze River Basin.     

Effects of temperature on soil organic carbon fractions contents,aggregate stability and structural characteristics of humic substances in a Mollisol

Purpose

Under a global warming scenario, understanding the response of soil organic carbon fractions and aggregate stability to temperature increases is important not only for better understanding and maintaining relevant ecosystem services like soil fertility and crop productivity, but also for understanding key environmental processes intimately related with the maintenance of other regulatory ecosystem services like global climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration. An increase in temperature would accelerate the mineralization of soil organic carbon. However, the properties of organic carbon remained in soil after mineralization is not well known.

Materials and methods

Mollisol was collected at 0–20-cm depth from maize (Zea mays L.) field in Northeast China. A 180-day incubation experiment was conducted at three different temperatures (10, 30, and 50 °C) under constant soil moisture (60 % water holding capacity). Soil samples were assayed for total organic carbon (TOC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC), humic fractions carbon, aggregate-associated carbon, and water stability of aggregates. Elemental analysis and solid-state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to characterize humic acid and humin fractions.

Results and discussion

The contents of soil TOC, EOC, humic fractions carbon, and aggregate-associated carbon decreased with the increase in temperature. The proportion of 2–0.25-mm macroaggregate and the mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates also decreased. The C, H, N, S, alkyl C, and O-alkyl C contents of humic acid and humin decreased, whereas the O, aromatic C, and carbonyl C contents increased. The H/C, aliphatic C/aromatic C, and O-alkyl C/aromatic C ratios in humic acid and humin fractions decreased.

Conclusions

The increase in temperature has a negative impact on soil organic carbon content, soil aggregation, and aggregate stability. Moreover, humic acid and humin molecules become less aliphatic and more decomposed with the increase in temperature.

     

土壤增氧方式对其氮素转化和水稻氮素利用及产量的影响

以3种不同生态型水稻品种中浙优1号(水稻)、IR45765-3B(深水稻)和中旱221(旱稻)为材料,比较研究了不同增氧方式(T1-增施过氧化钙、T2-微纳气泡水增氧灌溉、T3-表土湿润灌溉和CK-淹水对照)下稻田土壤氮素转化和水稻氮素吸收利用特性。结果表明:1)增氧处理明显改善土壤氧化还原状况,3种增氧方式下土壤氧化还原电位均高于CK。稻田增氧促进土壤氮素硝化,在分蘖期和齐穗期T1、T2和T3的土壤硝化强度和脲酶活性均显著高于CK,反硝化强度显著低于CK。2)不同增氧处理对水稻氮素吸收的影响不同,在拔节期、齐穗期和完熟期3品种的植株氮素积累量均表现为T1、T2显著高于CK,而T3显著低于CK;在完熟期,T1处理下中浙优1号、IR45765-3B和中旱221植株氮素积累量分别较CK增加了21.2%、13.2%和17.0%,而T2处理下3品种的植株氮素积累量分别较CK增加了14.3%、6.9%和9.1%。3)与CK相比,T1和T2显著提高水稻籽粒产量和收获指数,氮素籽粒生产效率与CK无显著差异,而T3显著增加水稻氮素干物质生产效率和氮素籽粒生产效率。可见,施用过氧化钙和微纳气泡水增氧灌溉能有效改善稻田土壤氧化还原状况,不仅显著提高水稻产量,而且显著增强稻田氮的硝化而减少氮素损失,从而提高水稻氮素积累量和氮素收获指数。     

基于氨基酸组成的黄酒酒龄电子舌鉴别

该研究采用电子舌结合化学计量学方法用于黄酒酒龄的快速鉴别。为确证黄酒样品酒龄,采用氨基酸分析仪分析了1年陈、3年陈和5年陈黄酒中20种氨基酸,并利用主成分分析（principal component analysis,PCA）对氨基酸数据进行了分析。采用电位型电子舌采集了不同酒龄黄酒样品的味觉指纹信息,并采用判别分析（discriminant analysis,DA）方法结合味觉指纹信息建立黄酒酒龄快速鉴别模型。采用偏最小二乘法（partial least squares regression,PLSR）建立电子舌响应信号与氨基酸含量之间的相关关系。氨基酸数据结合PCA分析表明所有样品均标注正确;电子舌结合DA所建黄酒酒龄鉴别模型可将3个年份预测集样品正确区分;异亮氨酸（Ile）、天门冬氨酸（Asp）、酪氨酸（Tyr）和缬氨酸（Val）与电子舌相关性高,模型的相对分析误差（Residual predictive deviation, RPD）高于2。研究表明电位型电子舌结合判别分析是黄酒龄鉴别的稳健方法。