基于车载三维激光雷达的玉米点云数据滤波算法

为支持表型参数测量和数字植物相关研究,对车载三维激光雷达获取的玉米点云数据进行分析处理,提出了一种基于统计分析的两次滤波算法。以大喇叭口期的京农科728和农大84玉米为研究对象,使用VLP-16型三维激光雷达采集田间玉米点云数据;对点云数据进行直通滤波预处理,去除无关点后,进行第1次点云数据滤波处理,设置精确率和召回率阈值,选取参数组合;再对点云进行第2次滤波处理,确定精确率和召回率最优组合(110,0. 9)、(6,1. 2),边际组合(100,1. 0)、(6,1. 2)和(110,0. 8)、(5,0. 9),共3组参数组合;以3组验证集数据进行测试,结果表明:最优组合性能最优,可在京农科728和农大84玉米点云数据滤波中通用。     

基于毛细管网的日光温室主动式集放热系统研究

为了对比日光温室传统保温蓄热后墙与基于毛细管网的主动式集放热系统（AHSCTM）的集放热性能,对AHSCTM的集放热性能进行了测试,构建了AHSCTM水温模型,利用一维差分法对相同环境条件下的外保温复合墙（370mm黏土砖和100mm聚苯乙烯板复合而成）日间储热量和夜间放热量进行了模拟。结果表明,AHSCTM的日间储热量和夜间放热量分别为相同条件下外保温复合墙的84.4%~111.3%和74.8%~100.7%,AHSCTM的COP（Coefficient of performance）为1.1~2.4。在夜间运行期间,AHSCTM放热量是相同时间段内外保温复合墙的98.2%~172.5%。因此,与外保温复合墙相比,AHSCTM有利于提高室内最低气温。改进AHSCTM的日间储热量和夜间放热量得到大幅提升,分别较外保温复合墙高67.6%~112.1%和69.0%~128.3%,COP可达2.8~7.0。改进AHSCTM的储放热性能优于外保温复合墙,说明利用改进AHSCTM配合保温墙体替代传统保温蓄热后墙是可行的。     

小麦秸秆压缩弯曲特性试验研究

为给秸秆圆捆打捆装置和其它打捆机构提供相应的力学参数和理论基础,根据麦茎秆的几何尺寸,并利用万能试验机控制夹具加载速度对不同含水率的麦秸秆进行弯曲、轴向压缩和径向压缩等力学特性试验,得出载荷-位移等曲线,并获得相关力学参数数据。利用Origin将数据直观地反映出来,再用MatLab对试验数据进行拟合,得出拟合方程。试验结果表明:麦秸秆压缩所需要的力大于弯曲所需的力;含水率和夹具加载速度在一定范围内时,无论是在麦秸秆的弯曲试验还是压缩试验中,载荷峰值的大小与加载速度和含水率都有关,因此在设计打捆压缩成型机构时需考虑含水率与其关键机构工作转速对打捆装置的影响。     

Effects of post-harvest foliar boron and calcium applications on subsequent season's pollen germination and pollen tube growth of pear (Pyrus pyrifolia)

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of foliar boron and calcium application after harvest on the quantity and activity of pollen in the ‘Housui’ and ‘Wonwhang’ pears on a subsequent year. Pollen grains of the ‘Housui’ pear were cultured on germination medium, to which had been added boric acid (0, 25, 75, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg L⁻¹) and calcium nitrate (0, 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, and 500 mg L⁻¹). Boric acid, which was added to the germination media, exerted a significant stimulatory effect on both pollen germination and pollen tube growth, although pollen tube growth was inhibited at higher concentrations than 300 mg L⁻¹. Calcium nitrate addition stimulated pollen germination, except at concentration of 500 mg L⁻¹. However, pollen tube growth was significantly inhibited with increasing concentrations of calcium nitrate. In the orchard experiment, boron and calcium were sprayed at concentrations of 0, 100, 200, 500 or 1000 mg L⁻¹ onto leaves after harvest, respectively. Boron and calcium content in the tissues as well as pollen production and growth were determined after these treatments. The foliar application of boron mainly resulted in an increase of boron concentration in buds. It also induced an increase in the weight of the anther and pollen in the following year. On the other hand, the foliar application of calcium resulted in an increase of calcium concentration mainly in the leaves, but pollen weight was decreased at high concentration treatment in the following year. The germination rate and tube growth of collected pollen were highest in the trees which had received boron treatment at a concentration of 200 mg L⁻¹. In contrast, the germination rate and tube growth of collected pollen were decreased by calcium application at concentrations of 500 and 1000 mg L⁻¹ without significant increase at lower concentrations. Consequently, the accumulation of boron in the developed buds of pear trees subjected to post-harvest foliar boron application generated positive effects on both the quantity and quality of pollen in the following year.     

切花非洲菊多倍体诱变初报

 以非洲菊‘阳光海岸’和‘白马王子’ (2n=2x=50) 品种为供试材料, 采用秋水仙素对其组培丛生芽进行离体诱导, 成功获得了四倍体植株。秋水仙素处理浓度和处理时间分别为0.02%、0.05%、0.10%和24、36、48 h。试验结果表明, 以0.10%的秋水仙素处理48 h诱导效果最佳, ‘阳光海岸’和‘白马王子’的丛生芽变异率分别为16%和10%。总体上看, 非洲菊对秋水仙素的敏感性较低。经气孔鉴定、染色体计数和形态学观察, 变异材料染色体数加倍(2n=4x=100) 。与二倍体相比, 变异材料气孔面积增大, 花序变大, 叶色变深, 叶尖变钝圆, 叶片质感变厚, 花梗直径变粗, 花梗基部花青素着色变深。最终分别获得稳定的‘阳光海岸’和‘白马王子’多倍体植株200余株和300余株。     

Upscaling as ecological information transfer: a simple framework with application to Arctic ecosystem carbon exchange

Transferring ecological information across scale often involves spatial aggregation, which alters information content and may bias estimates if the scaling process is nonlinear. Here, a potential solution, the preservation of the information content of fine-scale measurements, is highlighted using modeled net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of an Arctic tundra landscape as an example. The variance of aggregated normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), measured from an airborne platform, decreased linearly with log(scale), resulting in a linear relationship between log(scale) and the scale-wise modeled NEE estimate. Preserving three units of information, the mean, variance and skewness of fine-scale NDVI observations, resulted in upscaled NEE estimates that deviated less than 4% from the fine-scale estimate. Preserving only the mean and variance resulted in nearly 23% NEE bias, and preserving only the mean resulted in larger error and a change in sign from CO₂ sink to source. Compressing NDVI maps by 70–75% using wavelet thresholding with the Haar and Coiflet basis functions resulted in 13% NEE bias across the study domain. Applying unique scale-dependent transfer functions between NDVI and leaf area index (LAI) decreased, but did not remove, bias in modeled flux in a smaller expanse using handheld NDVI observations. Quantifying the parameters of statistical distributions to preserve ecological information reduces bias when upscaling and makes possible spatial data assimilation to further reduce errors in estimates of ecological processes across scale.     

Comparing fire spread algorithms using equivalence testing and neutral landscape models

We demonstrate a method to evaluate the degree to which a meta-model approximates spatial disturbance processes represented by a more detailed model across a range of landscape conditions, using neutral landscapes and equivalence testing. We illustrate this approach by comparing burn patterns produced by a relatively simple fire spread algorithm with those generated by a more detailed fire behavior model from which the simpler algorithm was derived. Equivalence testing allows objective comparisons of the output of simple and complex models, to determine if the results are significantly similar. Neutral landscape models represent a range of landscape conditions that the model may encounter, allowing evaluation of the sensitivity and behavior of the model to different landscape compositions and configurations. We first tested the model for universal applicability, then narrowed the testing to assess the practical domain of applicability. As a whole, the calibrated simple model passed the test for significant equivalence using the 25% threshold. When applied to a range of landscape conditions different from the calibration scenarios, the model failed the tests for equivalence. Although our particular model failed the tests, the neutral landscape models were helpful in determining an appropriate domain of applicability and in assessing the model sensitivity to landscape changes. Equivalence testing provides an effective method for model comparison, and coupled with neutral landscapes, our approach provides an objective way to assess the domain of applicability of a spatial model.     

Graph theory in action: evaluating planned highway tracks based on connectivity measures

Maintaining connectivity among local populations in a fragmented landscape is crucial for the survival of many species. For isolated habitat patches, stochastic fluctuations and reduced gene flow can lead to high risk of extinction. The connectivity of the landscape is especially crucial for the carabid species living in the fragmented forests of the Bereg plain (NE Hungary and W Ukraine) because a highway will be constructed through the plain. Our purpose is to (1) evaluate the impacts of three possible highway tracks, (2) suggest a solution that is realistic with less impact on connectivity than other plans and (3) discuss how to decrease the disadvantageous effects of each track. Our results, based on a network analysis of landscape graph of patches and ecological corridors, indicate that the intended highway could have deleterious consequences on forest-living carabids. Relatively simple actions, like the establishment of stepping stones, could compensate for the loss of habitat connectivity and promote the survival of carabids, or minor modifications in one possible track could diminish its adverse effects. While many other studies would be needed for a comprehensive assessment of the biotic impact of the highway, we provide an example on the usefulness of network analysis for land use management. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

The concept of habitat specificity revisited

Habitat specificity indices reflect richness (α) and/or distinctiveness (β) components of diversity. The latter may be defined by α and γ (landscape) diversity in two alternative ways: multiplicatively () and additively (). We demonstrate that the original habitat specificity concept of Wagner and Edwards (Landscape Ecol 16:121–131, 2001) consists of three independent components: core habitat specificity (uniqueness of the species composition), patch area and patch species richness. We describe habitat specificity as a family of indices that may include either area or richness components, or none or both, and open for use of different types of mean in calculation of core habitat specificity. Core habitat specificity is a beta diversity measure: the effective number of completely distinct communities in the landscape. Habitat specificity weighted by species number is a gamma diversity measure: the effective number of species that a patch contributes to landscape richness. We compared 12 habitat specificity indices by theoretical reasoning and by use of field data (vascular plant species in SE Norwegian agricultural landscapes). Habitat specificity indices are strongly influenced by weights for patch area and patch species richness, and the relative contribution of rare vs. common species (type of mean). The relevance of properties emphasized by each habitat specificity index for evaluation of patches in a biodiversity context is discussed. Core habitat specificity is emphasized as an ecologically interpretable measure that specifically addresses patch uniqueness while habitat specificity weighted by species number combines species richness and species composition in ways relevant for conservation biological assessment. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.