The inheritance of chemical phenotype in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cannabis sativa</Emphasis> L. (III): variation in cannabichromene proportion

The mechanism that controls the proportion of cannabichromene (CBC), a potential pharmaceutical, in the cannabinoid fraction of Cannabis sativa L. is explored. As with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), CBC is an enzymatic conversion product of the precursor cannabigerol (CBG). CBC is reported to dominate the cannabinoid fraction of juveniles and to decline with maturation. This ontogeny was confirmed in inbred lines with different mature chemotypes. A consistent CBC presence was found in early leaves from a diverse clone collection, suggesting that CBC synthase is encoded by a fixed locus. Morphological variants possessing a ‘prolonged juvenile chemotype’ (PJC), a substantial proportion of CBC persisting up to maturity, are presented. PJC is associated with a reduced presence of floral bracts, bracteoles, and capitate-stalked trichomes. Genetic factors causing these features were independent of the allelic chemotype locus B that was previously postulated and regulates THC and CBD synthesis and CBG accumulation. In contrast to previously described Cannabis chemotypes, the cannabinoid composition of PJCs showed plasticity in that reduced light levels increased the CBC proportion. The ability of PJC plants to enable the production of pharmaceutical raw material with high CBC purity is demonstrated.     

番茄内生细菌种群动态分析及拮抗菌株的筛选

摘要：采用研磨组织稀释分离法对3个种植地区的番茄内生细菌的种群分布、数量变化规律进行了初步探讨。共分离、纯化得到内生细菌374株,经形态及理化特征鉴定,分属10个不同的属,13个种。其中假单孢菌属Pseudomonas sp.,黄单孢菌属Xanthomonas sp.;肠杆菌属Entenobacter sp.和芽孢杆菌属Bacillus sp.为优势种群。内生细菌在番茄植株种群数量从0.21x104 到13.82x104 cfu.g -1鲜重之间,但不同品种、组织、生育期及种植地,内生细菌的种群和数量各不相同,各组织中内生细菌的种群及数量根中最多,其次是茎和叶,成株期内生细菌无论种类和数量都明显高于苗期。采用平板对峙法从分离的内生细菌中筛选出对番茄灰霉病菌具有体外拮抗活性的菌株32个,占菌株总数的8.56%; 25个菌株对叶霉病菌有抑制作用,占菌株总数的6.68%;对灰霉病菌和叶霉病菌都具有拮抗作用的菌株20个,占菌株总数的5.35%。对灰霉病菌有强拮抗作用的菌株12个,对叶霉病菌有强拮抗作用的菌株仅1个,其中芽孢杆菌是主要的类群。     

Production of mutants with high cold tolerance in spring canola (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis>)

A major factor affecting spring canola (Brassica napus) production in Canada is killing frosts during seedling development in the spring and seed maturation in the fall. The objective of this study was to explore the possibility of producing spring canola lines with mutations that have altered biochemical pathways that increase cold tolerance. The approach was to generate UV point mutations in cultured microspores followed by chemical in vitro selection of individual mutant microspores or embryos resulting in measurable alterations to various biochemical pathways with elevated levels of key defense signaling molecules such as, salicylic acid (SA), p-Fluoro-d,l-Phenyl Alanine (FPA), and jasmonic acid (JA). In addition, since proline (Pro) is known to protect plant tissues in the cold-induced osmotic stress pathway, mutants that overproduce Pro were selected in vitro by using three Pro analogues: hydroxyproline (HP), azetidine-2-carboxylate (A2C); and, 3,4-dehydro-d,l-proline (DP). Of the 329 in vitro selected mutant embryos produced, 74 were identified with significant cold tolerance compared to their donor parents through indoor freezer tests at −6°C, and 19 had better winter field survival than winter canola checks. All chemically selected mutant doubled haploids with increased cold tolerance compared well with parent lines for all seed quality and agronomic parameters. Development of increased frost tolerant cultivars should allow for spring canola to be produced in western Canada without compromising seed quality.     

DNA profiling and genetic diversity of Korean soybean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Glycine max</Emphasis> (L.) Merrill) landraces by SSR markers

Approximately 7,000 accessions of Korean soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) landraces, largely composed of three collections, the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute’s soybean (KAS), the Korean Crop Experiment Station’s soybean (KLS) and the Korean Agricultural Development and Technology Center’s soybean (KADTC) collections, have been conserved at the Rural Development Administration (RDA) genebank in Korea. The accessions within collections were classified based on their traditional uses such as sauce soybean (SA), sprouted soybean (SP), soybean for cooking with rice (SCR), and OTHERS. A total of 2,758 accessions of Korean soybean landraces were used to profile and to evaluate genetic structure using six SSR loci. A total of 110 alleles were revealed by at the six SSR loci. The number of alleles per SSR locus ranged from 9 to 39 in Satt187 and Satt_074, respectively. The number of alleles ranged from 87 in the KADTC collection to 96 in the KLS collection, and from 63 in the SCR group to 95 in the SP group. Nei’s average genetic diversity ranged from 0.68 to 0.70 across three collections, and 0.64 to 0.69 across the usage groups. The average between-group differentiation (G _st) was 0.9 among collections, and 4.1 among the usage groups. The similar average diversity among three collections implies that the genetic background of the three collections was quite similar or that there were a large number of duplicate accessions in three collections. The selection from the four groups classified based upon usage may be a useful way to select accessions for developing a Korean soybean landrace core collection at the RDA genebank. DNA profile information of accessions will provide indications of redundancies or omissions and aid in managing the soybean collection held at the RDA genebank. The information on diversity analysis could help to enlarge the genetic diversity of materials in breeding programs and could be used to develop a core collection.     

安徽省耕地资源系统分析与保护对策研究

本文对安徽省耕地资源进行了系统诊断,对影响耕地数量减少因素进行灰色关联度分析,对人均耕地占有量运用GM（1,1）模型进行预测。在此基础上,提出耕地保护对策及措施。     

He-Ne激光对增强UV-B辐射损伤小麦DNA非按期合成的影响

不断耗损的大气臭氧层带来UV-B对地面辐射的增强.由此导致的生物学效应,已越来越引起人们的关注[1].因而,揭示UV-B对生物,尤其是对农作物的损伤及修复机理就显得至关重要.……     

深施型液肥对靶点施装置设计与试验

针对液肥穴深施机具存在施肥位置不准确等问题,结合机械结构设计和自动控制技术,设计了一种深施型液肥对靶点施装置,该装置包括液肥深施开沟器和液肥对靶点施控制系统。设计液肥深施开沟器,构建了开沟器与土壤间力学接触模型和土粒质点运动学模型,确定了开沟器结构参数,解析了扰土和回土原理,应用EDEM软件建立开沟器-土壤离散元仿真模型,验证了液肥深施开沟器结构可行性。以单片机为核心开发一种液肥对靶点施系统,光电传感器感知作物植株位置,测速模块实时监测装置作业速度,单片机结合作物植株位置信息和作业速度控制电磁阀启闭,实现液肥对靶点施作业。通过田间试验验证了装置作业性能,在作业速度为0.4～1.0m/s时,平均回土深度52.8mm,平均对靶率84.03%,装置回土性能和对靶喷肥性能稳定,满足液肥深施农艺要求。     

基于多源信息融合的中文农作物病虫害命名实体识别

随着农作物病虫害研究文献的快速增长,对农作物病虫害领域文献进行文本挖掘变得越来越重要。开发有效、准确的农作物病虫害命名实体识别系统有助于在农作物病虫害相关研究报告中提取研究成果,为农作物病虫害的治理提供有效建议。本文针对中文农作物病虫害数据集缺失问题,提出了基于半远程监督的停等算法,利用该算法构建中文农作物病虫害领域语料库,大幅度减少标注过程的人工成本和时间成本;同时,提出了中文农作物病虫害命名实体识别模型（Agricultural information extraction, Agr-IE）,该模型基于BERT-BILSTM-CRF,辅以多源信息融合（多源分词信息和全局词汇嵌入信息）丰富字符向量,使其充分结合字符级与词汇级的信息,以提高模型捕捉上下文信息的能力。实验表明,该模型可以有效地识别病害、虫害、药剂、作物等实体,F1值分别为96.56%、95.12%、94.48%、95.54%,并对识别难度较大的病原实体具有较好的识别效果,F1值为81.48%,高于BERT-BILSTM-CRF、BERT等模型的相应值。本文所提模型在MSRA和Weibo等其他领域数据集上与CAN-NER、Lattice-LSTM-CRF等模型进行了对比实验,并取得最佳的识别效果,F1值分别为95.80%、94.57%,表明该算法具有一定的泛化能力。     

基于恒力机构的香蕉落梳装置设计与自适应性分析

针对香蕉机械化落梳过程中出现的自适应性差的问题,设计了基于恒力机构的可自适应环抱蕉茎插切式香蕉落梳装置,并对落梳装置的径向自适应性和转动自适应性进行了分析。采用两斜置压缩弹簧的结构,引入负刚度,再与正刚度的水平压缩弹簧并联组成恒力机构,提高了落梳刀具组对果轴粗细的径向自适应性,对恒力机构的力-位移特性曲线和刚度-位移特性曲线进行分析,并优选关键参数,得出斜置压缩弹簧的刚度系数k1=12 N/mm,水平压缩弹簧的刚度系数k2=3 N/mm,初始状态斜置压簧的倾斜角θ0=36. 87°,恒力行程对应的落梳刀组包络圆直径范围为80～100 mm,对应的恒力f=180 N。在加载有扭簧的虎克铰链基础上设计了可释放两个转动自由度的落梳刀盘,根据测定的香蕉果轴弯曲度设置刀盘旋转角范围为±10°,根据建立的三维模型中的几何参数得出,落梳刀具末端的工作空间是一个半径为300 mm的球面。对落梳刀具末端的柔度矩阵进行分析,结果显示,落梳刀盘旋转角为0°,即刀盘与机架上底面平行时线柔度最大,最大值为0. 818 2 mm/N,落梳刀盘旋转角为10°时线柔度最小,最小值为0. 77 mm/N,说明落梳刀具末端的线柔度随刀盘旋转角的增大而减小。试验结果表明,梳柄切口符合试验指标的蕉梳占所有样本的81. 25%,切口质量良好,该装置设计合理,且满足实际落梳作业的要求。     

基于阻隔因素的耕地质量分等因素插值方法研究

在山地丘陵区,耕地质量等级调查评价中的分等因素属性值估算受到大、中型山体阻隔影响,造成分等单元各分等因素属性赋值结果的失准。以青海省平安区为研究区,研究基于阻隔因素的分等因素属性值估算方法,并与反距离权重插值、样条函数插值方法进行了交叉验证。结果表明:不同的插值方法对3个分等因素空间分布趋势的模拟基本一致;由于插值原数据的特征与插值原理的不同,导致基于阻隔因素的插值方法对不同的土壤性质表现不一致。土壤有机质和有效土层厚度最适宜的插值方法是基于阻隔因素的样条函数插值,而在土壤pH值插值中,基于阻隔因素的反距离权重插值精度最高;研究区内的土壤有机质含量和有效土层厚度的插值精度比不考虑阻隔因素的样条函数插值的平均绝对误差、平均相对误差、均方根误差、相对均方根误差分别提高了11. 23%、10. 98%、7. 54%、9. 20%和15. 08%、11. 74%、17. 41%、9. 40%;采用基于阻隔因素的样条函数插值方法对有机质含量和有效土层厚度进行插值,二者实测值与预测值之间的决定系数分别为0. 927和0. 901。