Evaluation of palygorskite for remediation of Cd-polluted soil with different water conditions

Purpose

The study aimed at comparing the effects of different water managements on soil Cd immobilization using palygorskite, which was significant for the selection of reasonable water condition.

Materials and methods

Field experiment was taken to discuss the in situ remediation effects of palygorskite on Cd-polluted paddy soils, under different water managements, using a series of variables, including pH and extractable Cd in soils, plant Cd, enzyme activity, and microorganism number in soils.

Results and discussion

In control group, the pH in continuous flooding was the highest under three water conditions, and compared to conventional irrigation, continuous flooding reduced brown rice Cd by 37.9%, and brown rice Cd in wetting irrigation increased by 31.0%. In palygorskite treated soils, at concentrations of 5, 10, and 15 g kg^?1, brown rice Cd reduced by 16.7, 44.4, and 55.6%; 13.8, 34.5, and 44.8%; and 13.1, 36.8, and 47.3% under continuous flooding, conventional irrigation, and wetting irrigation (p < 0.05), respectively. The enzyme activity and microbial number increased after applying palygorskite to paddy soils.

Conclusions

Continuous flooding was a good candidate as water management for soil Cd stabilization using palygorskite. Rise in soil enzyme activity and microbial number proved that ecological function regained after palygorskite application.

     

基质盐含量对2种槲栎幼苗生长及生理适应性的影响

为了比较北京槲栎和锐齿槲栎的耐盐性及其机理差异,以2种槲栎的2年生幼苗为材料,用1‰~4‰的不同浓度NaCl水溶液进行处理,研究不同盐含量条件下2种槲栎幼苗生长、生理适应性及k+、Na+离子分布。结果表明,随盐浓度的增加,2种槲栎的总叶面积及生物量显著降低,北京槲栎降低幅度达30%,而锐齿槲栎降低幅度达到50%以上,叶片质膜相对透性总体呈增大趋势,锐齿槲栎的增大幅度比北京槲栎高29%,锐齿槲栎叶片保护酶SOD、渗透调节物质脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量都显著低于北京槲栎。盐胁迫下2种槲栎根系吸收的K+离子多向茎叶中运输,而吸收的Na+离子多滞留在根系中,北京槲栎能维持稳定的K+离子含量在15 mg/g左右。由比较得知2种槲栎在基质盐浓度低于3‰时都具有一定的耐盐性,且北京槲栎耐盐能力优于锐齿槲栎。     

海参加工废液中皂苷的提取及其抗肿瘤作用的研究

为了研究其对肿瘤小鼠的抑瘤作用,以及对免疫器官的影响。从海参废液中提取海参皂苷,通过建立S180皮下肿瘤小鼠模型,采用经口灌胃和腹腔注射2种方式给药后,将小鼠称重,断颈处死,然后剥离的肿瘤组织、胸腺、脾脏,称重并进行统计学分析。结果表明：海参皂苷能显著抑制S180皮下瘤小鼠的肿瘤生长;通过2种给药方式相比较,腹腔注射给药方式抑瘤效果(60.29%,P＜0.01)明显优于经口灌胃给药方式(37.70%;P＜0.05);与阳性对照环磷酰胺相比,海参皂苷对小鼠的生长影响较小,而且提高小鼠的脾脏指数和胸腺指数,对小鼠免疫器官有促进作用。本实验为今后海参皂苷抗肿瘤活性的进一步研究提供了有效依据。     

外源NO对UV-B胁迫下小麦幼苗生长、活性氧组分和光合特性的影响

为了研究外源NO对UV-B胁迫下小麦幼苗生长、活性氧组分以及光合特性的影响,以ML7113小麦为受试材料,以硝普钠(Sodium nitroprusside,SNP)作为外源NO的供体,预先用0.1 mmol/L的SNP浸种24 h,设置4个处理组：对照组(CK)、紫外线UV-B胁迫处理组(B)、UV-B胁迫和SNP复合处理组(B+SNP)、SNP单独处理组。待幼苗生长7天后取其叶片进行可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧阴离子(O₂^-)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、气孔密度、光合色素及叶绿素荧光参数等指标的测定。结果表明,NO供体SNP能显著增加经UV-B胁迫后小麦幼苗的株高,并使其小麦幼苗可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量分别提高19.69%、15.25%、41.36%,同时使其小麦叶正面气孔密度增大10.34%。SNP单独处理使得光合色素（叶绿素和类胡萝卜素）的含量较CK分别提高12.43%和5.99%,叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm和Fv/F0较CK显著提高0.5%和5.16%。此外,SNP能使小麦幼苗丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)的含量较CK显著降低27.30%和74.92%,超氧阴离子(O₂^-)的产生速率较CK显著降低24.47%。通过体内相关生理指标物质含量的变化来响应UV-B胁迫对小麦幼苗造成的伤害,而适宜浓度的外源NO(0.1 mmol/L)可以缓解UV-B胁迫下对小麦幼苗的伤害作用,从而增强小麦幼苗对UV-B胁迫的适应能力。     

聚天冬氨酸强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的研究

为了探究PASP作为螯合剂在植物修复过程中的强化作用,采用土柱淋滤实验,研究不同浓度的聚天冬氨酸(PASP)对重金属铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)的活化能力（加入淋出量和空白对比）。结果表明,在一定浓度范围内,PASP对Pb和Cd的活化能力随PASP浓度的增加而增加。在盆栽模拟实验中发现,PASP对玉米修复重金属污染土壤有明显的强化作用。施用11 g/L PASP的玉米株高为114.4 cm,大于施加EDTA的植株(110.9 cm)。确定了PASP的最佳施用浓度为3 g/L和7 g/L,吸收重金属量分别为Pb 114.829 μg和84.662 μg、Cd 54.447 μg和66.915 μg,与EDTA相比对Cd的吸收量提高约10倍,对Pb的吸收量提高约3倍。进一步用水合肼和乙醇胺对PASP进行衍生化,淋洗实验证明用乙醇胺改性的PASP对重金属的活化效果得以提高,为修复被重金属污染的土壤提供了一种较好的络合剂。     

Cotton Chemical Topping by Applying DPC in Different Cotton-Growing Regions

[Objective] The objective of this study was to investigate the stability and universality of cotton chemical topping by applying mepiquat chloride (1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride, DPC) in different cotton-growing regions. [Method] Field experiments were conducted in 2018 at 10 locations in the Yellow River basin (Hejian and Handan, Hebei province; Dezhou and Wudi, Shandong province), the Yangtze River basin (Dafeng, Jiangsu province; Huanggang, Hubei province), and Xinjiang area (Shihezi location I and loacation II, northern Xinjiang and Luntai and Shaya, southern Xinjiang). Local cultivars/lines were used, and the experiments were performed using a randomized complete block design with three or four replicates. Accompanied with typical DPC multi-application in each location, chemical topping was conducted at 10 days before manual topping (T1) or at the same time with manual topping (T2) by applying four dosages of DPC (0, 90, 180, 270 g·hm^－2), manual topping was used as the first control and non-topping as the second control. [Result] The time of chemical topping significantly affected cotton plant height (except for the results in Handan, Dezhou and Wudi) and the number of fruit branches (except for the results in Dafeng and Huanggang). It was observed that earlier chemical topping would result in lower cotton plant height and a fewer fruit branches. In Hejian and Shihezi location I, the average plant height across DPC chemical topping at T1 stage was not only lower than that of T2 stage but also 3.3 cm and 4.6 cm lower than that of manual topping, respectively. In most locations, chemical topping at T1 stage increased around two fruit branches per plant compared with manual topping, while in T2 stage the increased fruit branches per plant ranged from 2.3 to 7.7. Also, we found that a higher dosage of DPC resulted in shorter plant height (except for that in Huanggang). In some locations, plant heights of chemical topping with 180 g·hm^－2 or 270 g·hm^－2 DPC were even shorter than that of manual topping. The number of fruit branches per plant of 0 g·hm^－2 DPC increased by 2.4-8.3 compared with manual topping. However, chemical topping with 90-270 g·hm^－2 DPC significantly reduced the number of fruit branches compared with 0 g·hm^－2 DPC. There were no significant differences in the number of fruit branches among three DPC dosages (90, 180, and 270 g·hm^－2). In Handan, seed cotton yield of chemical topping at T2 stage was significantly lower than that of manual topping due to the decreased boll number, which is possibly associated with the high temperature and drought weather after chemical topping. While at other locations, most treatments of chemical topping by using DPC did not produce significant effects on yield. In addition, chemical topping by using DPC did not delay cotton maturity, characterized by their similar boll-opening rate and the first harvest rate to those of manual topping before spraying harvest aids. [Conclusion] Cotton chemical topping with DPC is more stable and universal across different cotton-growing regions. We suggest that 90-180 g·hm^－2 DPC could be used at the same time with manual topping for cotton chemical topping.     

具有中国大豆遗传背景的7S与11S多亚基缺失型大豆新品系的创制

利用我国高油大豆品种东农47与日本引进多亚基缺失型育种材料日B,采用回交、三交的育种方法,综合系谱选择,通过SDS-PAGE技术分析亚基组成,在BC₁、BC₃及三交种F₈群体内,选育到(α+11S groupⅡa)-缺失型、(α′+11S groupⅡa)-缺失型、[(α′+α)+11S groupⅡa、Ⅱb]-缺失型、[(α′+α)+11S groupⅡa]-缺失型、[(α′+α)+11S groupⅡb+X₁X₂]-缺失型、[(α′+α)+11S groupⅡb]-缺失型和(α′+11S groupⅠ、Ⅱa)-缺失型共7种具有中国大豆遗传背景的7S球蛋白α′、α亚基与11S球蛋白groupⅠ(A_1aB_1b,A₂B_1a,A_1bB₂)、groupⅡa(A₄A₅B₃)和groupⅡb(A₃B₄)不同亚基缺失组合新种质。测定优良品系的综合农艺性状及氨基酸组成、含量,结果表明,与对照相比,各种缺失突变体的各种氨基酸组分含量普遍提高,蛋白总量普遍高于轮回亲本,精氨酸含量特别是游离精氨酸的含量大幅提高。其中亚基组成为(α+11S groupⅡa)-缺失型品系G2-2-3的17种氨基酸含量、氨基酸总量、蛋氨酸含量均显著高于轮回亲本东农47,特别是游离精氨酸含量高出7.27mg/g。以上结果表明,7S与11S多亚基缺失型优良品系在有效去除致敏蛋白的同时,可以提高大豆蛋白氨基酸含量, 改善大豆蛋白氨基酸组分配比。各种致敏蛋白缺失型大豆优良新品系的获得,大大丰富了我国蛋白质组分改良育种的种质基础。     

浅圆仓充氮气调技术实仓应用探究

通过对浅圆仓采用不同方法进行充氮试验,探索最佳的浅圆仓充氮气调储粮工艺。试验结果表明,采用上充下排方式,先以设备允许的最大流量(流量165m~3/h,浓度95%)充入氮气,当仓内氮气浓度接近95%时,再逐步提高设备氮气浓度至99%(流量90m~3/h),此工艺相较其他方法充氮速率略高,能耗相对略低,仓内氮气分布均匀。     

Capturing genetic variability and selection of traits for heat tolerance in a chickpea recombinant inbred line (RIL) population under field conditions

Chickpea is the most important pulse crop globally after dry beans. Climate change and increased cropping intensity are forcing chickpea cultivation to relatively higher temperature environments. To assess the genetic variability and identify heat responsive traits, a set of 296 F_8–9 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of the cross ICC 4567 (heat sensitive) × ICC 15614 (heat tolerant) was evaluated under field conditions at ICRISAT, Patancheru, India. The experiment was conducted in an alpha lattice design with three replications during the summer seasons of 2013 and 2014 (heat stress environments, average temperature 35 °C and above), and post-rainy season of 2013 (non-stress environment, max. temperature below 30 °C). A two-fold variation for number of filled pods (FPod), total number of seeds (TS), harvest index (HI), percent pod setting (%PodSet) and grain yield (GY) was observed in the RILs under stress environments compared to non-stress environment. A yield penalty ranging from 22.26% (summer 2013) to 33.30% (summer 2014) was recorded in stress environments. Seed mass measured as 100-seed weight (HSW) was the least affected (6 and 7% reduction) trait, while %PodSet was the most affected (45.86 and 44.31% reduction) trait by high temperatures. Mixed model analysis of variance revealed a high genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) (23.29–30.22%), phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) (25.69–32.44%) along with high heritability (80.89–86.89%) for FPod, TS, %PodSet and GY across the heat stress environments. Correlation studies (r = 0.61–0.97) and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a strong positive association among the traits GY, FPod, VS and %PodSet under stress environments. Path analysis results showed that TS was the major direct and FPod was the major indirect contributors to GY under heat stress environments. Therefore, the traits that are good indicators of high grain yield under heat stress can be used in indirect selection for developing heat tolerant chickpea cultivars. Moreover, the presence of large genetic variation for heat tolerance in the population may provide an opportunity to use the RILs in future-heat tolerance breeding programme in chickpea.     

试验室好氧堆肥反应器系统性能试验

为探讨试验室自制强制通风好氧堆肥系统的保温性能和通风性能及其对好氧堆肥过程的作用效果,进行了不同初始质量和初始温度的热水保温试验,测定了系统保温性能参数以及不同流量下的通风性能,最后进行鲜猪粪麦秸混合好氧堆肥平行试验.结果显示:各反应器保温箱的保温性能没有显著性差异,保温性能参数UA值的标准差为0.02,最大相对标准偏差为4.93%;各反应器间通风系统性能差异不显著,当流量计设定流量分别为0.2、0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0 L/min时,各反应器通风管出口处的流速在同一设定流量下基本相等;好氧堆肥试验过程堆体温度经历了快速升温、保持一段时间的高温和温度缓慢下降3个阶段,各反应器堆体温度超过50℃的时间分别为5.3天、6.0天、5.1天和6.8天,符合国家标准;可挥发性固体降解率依次为18.1%、13.3%、15.8%和15.2%.