Billroth II Gastrojejunostomy in Dogs Stapling Technique and Postoperative Complications

Billroth II gastrojejunostomy was performed with surgical staplers in 6 dogs that were not irradiated and in 11 dogs that subsequently received radiation to the pancreas and proximal part of the duodenum. The dogs were monitored clinically for 135 days and then euthanatized and necropsied. Each gastrojejunostomy site was preserved in formalin and the stomal diameter was measured. No mechanical complications were encountered with the use of surgical staplers and no leakage was observed at the staple closure sites before abdominal closure. All dogs vomited approximately 100 ml of coagulated blood 4 to 8 hours after surgery, and 300 to 400 ml of brown fluid after approximately 24 hours. Vomiting was the most common clinical finding after the first 24 hours. Vomiting was subjectively graded from 1 to 3 with grade 1 representing the least severe problem and grade 3 the most severe. Grade 1 vomiting occurred in 12 of 16 dogs that survived 135 days; in the other four dogs, vomiting was classified as grade 2 or 3. All dogs with grade 1 vomiting had stomal diameters of 1.7 to 2.9 cm (mean, 2.2 ± 0.4 cm standard deviation). Dogs with grade 2 or 3 vomiting had stomal diameters of 2.2 to 4.0 cm (mean, 3.2 ± 0.8 cm standard deviation). The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.005). The percentage of weight gained or lost was recorded for each dog. Two nonirradiated dogs gained body weight, whereas the other nonirradiated dogs and all irradiated dogs lost body weight. The overall mean loss of body weight of dogs with grade 1 vomiting was 16.7 ± 12.0% (± standard deviation), compared with 35.5 ± 6.6% (± standard deviation) for dogs with grade 2 or 3 vomiting; the difference was significant (p < 0.01). Routinely scheduled clinical laboratory test results were within normal limits in nonirradiated dogs. Clinical problems other than vomiting and weight loss were anorexia, gastric dilatation, and diarrhea. One nonirradiated dog died on day 56 after rupture at the gastric stump staple line.     

Mitral Valve Replacement in Dogs Surgical Technique and Postoperative Management

Although techniques for the perioperative management of patients undergoing mitral valve replacement have been well established in humans, the use of these techniques has not been widely accepted in veterinary practice. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that low morbidity and mortality could be achieved in the dog undergoing mitral valve replacement. Nine mongrel dogs (25-45 kg body weight) were subject to left thoracotomy and mitral valve replacement using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The average time on CPB was 1 hour with an aortic cross-clamping time of 40 minutes using chemically induced cardiac arrest. CPB was performed under conditions of moderate systemic hypothermia (28-30 degrees C) and hemodilution (hematocrit, 25-35%). Operative mortality was 22% (2/9) with one death from excessive bleeding and the other from cerebral air embolism. All other animals recovered and were clinically normal 3 weeks after surgery. The authors conclude that successful mitral valve replacement is possible in the large dog.     

Effect of ocean conditions on the cross-shelf distribution of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and capelin (Mallotus villosus)

Acoustic trawl surveys were conducted in 2000 and 2001 in two troughs located off the eastern coast of Kodiak Island in the Gulf of Alaska as part of a multiyear, multidisciplinary experiment to examine the influence of environmental conditions on the spatial distribution of adult and juvenile walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and capelin (Mallotus villosus). Continuous underway sea surface temperature samples and water column profiles collected in 2000 and 2001 showed the presence of a sharp shelf‐break front in Chiniak Trough and a mid‐trough front in Barnabas Trough. At distances <22 km from shore, the water column was well mixed, whereas a well‐defined mixed layer was present beyond approximately 22 km from shore. Satellite drifter tracks in Barnabas Trough entered along the upstream edge of the trough and appeared to follow the frontal boundary across the middle portion of the trough. A storm in 2001 weakened stratification and cooled surface water temperature by 1.6–2.1°C. Wind mixing associated with the storm event mixed subsurface chlorophyll a to the surface and enhanced nutrients in the surface waters. The storm event revealed spatial partitioning of summer production in Barnabas Trough, with production concentrated in regions inside the mid‐trough front. In contrast, post‐storm summer production was distributed throughout Chiniak Trough. The spatial distribution of walleye pollock and capelin differed and appeared to be related to differences in habitat characteristics. Acoustic survey data identified four acoustic sign types: age‐1 pollock, adult pollock, capelin, capelin–age‐0 pollock mix. The spatial distribution of these four sign types appears to be influenced by the oceanographic and topographic features of the two troughs. Adult pollock were broadly distributed throughout Chiniak Trough, whereas adult pollock were aggregated on the coastal side of the frontal system in Barnabas Trough. In 2000, capelin occurred with age‐0 pollock. In Chiniak Trough, capelin were most abundant along steep topographic gradients at the edges of the trough and in a deep region near Cape Chiniak, whereas the capelin–age‐0 mix (2000) or capelin (2001) concentrations were observed in slope water intrusions over the outer shelf in Barnabas Trough. Results suggest that habitat selection of walleye pollock and capelin are controlled by different processes. Capelin distributions appear to be limited by oceanographic conditions while other factors appear to be more important for pollock.     

贡柑果实采后可溶性糖代谢和风味品质变化的关系

研究德庆贡柑常温贮藏条件下果实蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖等可溶性糖类含量、可溶性固形物含量、酸性转化酶活性等变化及其与风味品质变化的关系,探求贡柑果实风味品质变化的生理机制。结果表明,贡柑果实在贮藏后6~12 d先后出现可溶性固形物(TSS)、可滴定酸含量和酸性转化酶活性的增加,果实的风味品质则同期呈现变淡和出现异味等非正向变化;蔗糖等可溶性糖含量变化呈S型变化模式,其峰位的变化与TSS含量增加呈逆向变化关系,但和风味品质变甜变淡趋势相同。2,4-D处理贡柑后可显著增加好蒂率和好果率,可阻止果实异味产生,但不能延缓可溶性糖含量下降和果实风味品质变淡,蔗糖等可溶性糖含量变化没有呈现S型变化特征。     

Arsenic Bioremediation Potential of Arsenite-Oxidizing Micrococcus sp. KUMAs15 Isolated from Contaminated Soil

Environmental arsenic (As) contamination, considered as the largest mass poisoning of the human population, has become a serious health concern for the people of South East Asia, including those living in the Bengal delta. An As-resistant strain, KUMAs15, was isolated from the As-contaminated fields in Nadia Ddistrict in West Bengal, India and was evaluated for its possible use in environmental As bioremediation. Molecular identification based on 16S rDNA gene sequencing revealed that the strain belonged to the genus Micrococcus. The strain tolerated high levels of As and oxidized arsenite under the culture condition. The strain also accumulated large quantities of As when exposed to a wide range of environmentally relevant concentrations of inorganic As. Analysis of the aoxB, arsB, and arsC gene expression explained the underlying cause of arsenite oxidation and As accumulation by KUMAs15. The As-resistant strain KUMAs15 of Micrococcus sp. was suggested to be a potential environmental As decontaminant.     

基于加速仪运动传感器的牲畜行为监测研究进展

加速仪运动传感器被大量用于牲畜行为监测,是当前开展精准养殖研究的重要方向。综述了加速仪运动传感器在牲畜行为分类方面的研究,介绍了加速仪运动传感器在牲畜身上的可佩戴位置,并对比了其在腿部和颈部的佩戴差异,详细论述了基于加速仪运动传感器的牲畜行为分类流程,具体包括采样时间窗口确定、特征向量抽取、分类算法构建等。行为自动分类是对牲畜进行自动化监测、精准化管理的前期和基础,未来应进一步突破分类模型构建、多元传感器融合、实时数据处理等关键技术研究。     

Environmental Arsenic and Selenium Contamination and Approaches Towards Its Bioremediation Through the Exploration of Microbial Adaptations: A Review

Bioaccumulation of selenium and arsenic resulting from geogenic activities and aggravated by anthropogenic actions has now become a serious environmental issue. Different parts of the world are experiencing issues of selenium and arsenic contamination, especially in soil and groundwater. The present selenium and arsenic contamination scenario has been well represented in contemporary literature, and there are an array of remediation techniques targeting the decontamination of environmental contamination. The use of microbe-mediated remediation of selenium and arsenic contamination is gaining scientific attention for sustainable environmental bioremediation. The present review elucidates the different aspects of selenium and arsenic contamination, bioaccumulation, and bioremediation with implications for successful decontamination of these heavy metals.     

Enterocystoplasty with Cystectomy and Subtotal Intracapsular Prostatectomy in the Male Dog

Urinary diversion by implantation of the ureters into an isolated segment of jejunum was evaluated in eight clinically normal male dogs. Total cystectomy and subtotal intracapsular prostatectomy were performed, and the intestinal loop was sutured to the prostatic remnant. General health, renal function, acid-base balance, urinary tract infection, and urinary continence were monitored during observation periods of 4 to 30 weeks. All dogs survived the observation period and seven were in excellent general health at the time of euthanasia. Six of the 16 ureterointestinal anastomoses were complicated by complete ureteral obstruction. Absorption of urea from the intestinal loop was speculated as the reason for significant increases in serum urea nitrogen concentrations in all of the dogs. Serum creatinine concentrations generally remained within the normal range, but were significantly increased from preoperative baseline values by week 30. There was dilation of 12 renal pelves and ureters in seven dogs. Urine bacterial cultures were positive in six dogs, but histologic evidence of pyelonephritis was present in only five kidneys. Ejaculation was not affected by the procedure, but epididymitis was present in five dogs. The dogs could urinate consciously and did not dribble urine continuously; however, they urinated hourly. While the procedure was well tolerated by the dogs, the frequency of urination makes this technique unacceptable for most household pets.     

Mapping the canine skin: a study of coat relative humidity in Newfoundland dogs

Abstract An instrument is described which uses air aspirated via a narrow probe from an animal's hair coat to assess the relative humidity (RH) of air within the coat. This was used to investigate regional differences in coat humidity in a group of 21 Newfoundland dogs maintained in a constant environment of 40%RH. At sites over the rump, mid-lateral thigh and chest wall, the coat RH was about 50%, whilst beneath the tail and on the ventral neck the RH was about 70%. It was observed that at tail and neck sites the RH rose with increasing age of the subject. No differences were observed related to the coat colour or sex of the subjects, but coat type was relevant. The relative humidity of finer coats on exposed sites was about 7% lower than those of normal coats. The physical features affecting these findings, i.e. convection, conduction and the effect of matting, are discussed, together with the implications for microbial colonization. Résumé— Un instrument qui utilise à l'aide d'une sonde étroite l'air aspiréà partir du pleage pour mesurer l'humidité relative (HR) du pelage est décrit. Celui-ci a été employé pour déterminer les différences régionales de l'humidité relative dans un groupe de 21 Terre Neuves maintenus dans un environnement constant à 40% d'humidité relative. L'humidité relative est de 50% sur les membres, les faces internes des cuisses et le thorax, tandis que sous la queue et le cou, elle est de 70%. Il a été observéégalement qu'au niveau de la queue et du cou, l'humidité relative augmente avec l'âge. Aucune différence n'est notée en function de la couleur du pelage et le sexe des animaux. L'humidité relative des pelages plus fins des sites exposés est de 7% plus bas que celle des pelages normaux. Les facteurs physiques influant sur l'humidité relative tels que la convection, la conduction, l'effet du pansage sont discutés notamment avec leurs implications possibles dans la colonisation microbienne. [Chesney, C. J. Mapping the canine skin: a study of coat relative humidity in Newfoundland dogs (Cartographie de la peau du chien: étude de l'humidité relative du pelage des Terre Neuve). Veterinary Dermatology 1996; 7 : 35–41.] Resumen Se describe un instrumento que utiliza aire aspirado del pelo de un animal a través de una sonda para evaluar la humedad relativa (HR) del aire en el pelo. Ello se utilizó para investigar las diferencias regionales en humedad del pelo en un grupo de 21 perros Terranova mantenidos en un medio ambiente constante al 40% HR. En las zonas de grupa, muslo medial-lateral y pared torácica, la HR del pelo fue del 50%, mientras que bajo la cola y en cuello ventral fue del 70%. Se observó que la HR en la cola y cuello aumentaba con la edad del individuo. No se observaron diferencias por color del pelo o sexo, pero el tipo de pelo sí tenía importancia. La HR en pelo más fino en las zonas expuestas era un 7% menor que el de pelo normal. Se discuten los factores fisicos que afectan estas zonas, p.ej. convección, conducción y el efecto del enmarañamiento, junto con las implicaciones que ello tiene en la colonización bacteriana. [Chesney, C. J. Mapping the canine skin: a study of coat relative humidity in Newfoundland dogs (Mapeo de la piel canina: estudio de la humedad relativa del pelo en perros Terranova). Veterinary Dermatology 1996; 7 : 35–41.] Zusammenfassung— Es wird ein Gerät beschrieben, welches Luft verwendet, die mit einer schmalen Sonde aus dem Haarkleid des Tieres gewonnen wurde, um die relative Feuchtigkeit (RH) der Luft innerhalb des Fells auszuwerten. Dies wurde benützt, um regipnale Unterschiede in der Fellfeuchtigkeit bei einer Gruppe von 21 Neufundländern, die unter konstanten Umgebungsbedingungen von 40% RH gehalten wurden. An Stellen über dem Rumpf, mittel-lateralen Schenkel und der Brustwand betrug die Fell-RH um 50%, während sie unter dem Schwanz und am ventralen Hals 70% aufwies. Es wurde beobachtet, daß an der Schwanz- und Halsregion die RH mit zunehmendem Alter des Tieres zunahm. Es konnten keine Unterschiede bezüglich Fellfarbe oder Geschlecht der Tiere festgestellt werden, der Felltyp war jedoch relevant. Die relative Feuchtigkeit über feinerem Fell an exponierten Regionen war 7% niedriger als die über normalem Fell. Die physikalischen Vorgänge, die diese Befunde beeinflussen, z.B. Konvektion, Konduktion und die Wirkung des ‘Matting’ werden diskutiert zusammen mit den Beziehungen zur mikrobiellen Besiedelung. [Chesney, C. J. Mapping the canine skin: a study of coat relative humidity in Newfoundland dogs (Landkarte der Hundehaut: Studie über die Feuchtigkeit im zusammenhang mit dem Haarkleid beim Neufundländer). Veterinary Dermatology 1996; 7 : 35–41.]