The evaluation of piromidic acid as an antibiotic in fish: an in vitro and in vivo study

Abstract. The activity of piromidic acid (PA, 8-ethyl-5, 8-dihydro-5-oxo-2-prior lidinopyrido [2,3–d] pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid) against bacteria in fish was evaluated in vitro and in vivo .
In vitro , PA was effective against a wide range of pathogenic bacteria stocked in this laboratory and freshly isolated from fish. PA was active against organisms showing multiple drug-resistance and showed no cross-resistance to chloramphenicol, tetracycline and sulfamonomethoxine.
In vivo , orally administered PA was effective against experimental infections with Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio spp. in goldfish and eels. The efficacy of PA against these infections was equal to or higher than that of chloramphenicol, and higher than that of tetracycline. Distribution of PA in the Ash was investigated by bioassay and autoradiography. In the bioassay, orally administered PA was easily absorbed and distributed in the blood and tissues of major organs within 1 h after the administration. Peak levels were attained 2 to 4 h post dosing, and no residue was detected in the blood and tissues 48 h post dosing. The results obtained from the autoradiographic investigation in goldfish were similar to those from the bioassay. Therapeutic levels of PA were well tolerated by fish when administered with feed.     

Cellular immune response in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson to Yersinia ruckeri O-antigen monitored by the passive haemolytic plaque assay test

Abstract. The specificity and kinetics of the immune response of rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) to single injections of an O-antigen extracted from the bacterial pathogen Yersinia ruckeri , which causes enteric redmouth in fish, were investigated by the passive haemolytic plaque assay and serum antibody quantitation. Doses ranging from 5 ng to 500 mg in 10-fold increments were injected intraperitoneally into groups of trout held at 17 × 1°5°C. The occurrence of plaque forming cells (PFC) and humoral antibody was followed for 35 days after injection. Trout gave an immune response to doses of 500 ng and above. Seven days after injection no humoral antibody was detected, but PFC were found in the spleen. The maximum PFC numbers occurred 11 days after injection. On day 21, few PFC were found, whereas serum antibody titres were highest. The antibody from immunized trout showed little or no cross-reactions with sheep red blood cells passively labelled With antigens from other fish pathogens.     

Photoperiod induced off-season spawning of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)

Four groups of pink salmon, which had been reared under artificial light, became sexually mature and produced viable gametes: 59 days prior to, and 19 – 32 days, 115 days and 220 days after their expected date of reaching sexual maturity. Altered times of sexual maturation were obtained by accelerating, leaving unchanged, or decelerating the rate of change of photoperiod which each group of fish would normally receive during its first year of life. All groups of fish were exposed to a normal rate of change in photoperiod during their final year of life. Mean fecundity was reduced from the 800–2000 ova observed in wild stocks, and ranged from 629 for the 59 day advanced fish, to 862 for the 115 day delayed fish. Egg mortality during the period from fertilization to eyeing was much greater in the three groups of fish subjected to accelerated or decelerated rates of change in photoperiod than in the fish subjected to the normal rate of change in photoperiod. Some of the progeny of the 220 day delayed fish, which were reared under artificial light with the normal rate of change in photoperiod set 220 days out-of-phase, became sexually mature 2 years after they had begun life as fertilized eggs.     

Effect of time of spraying of glyphosate on the vegetation of an upland deep peat soil

The vegetation of an upland deep peat soil consisting mainly of Festuca rubra, Holcus mollis, Molinia caerulea, Juncus acutiflorus and Potentilla erecta was sprayed with 1·5 kg a.i. per ha glyphosate applied to separate plots at monthly intervals from April to August. In July of the following year, April and May applications showed no effect on sward composition while June, July and August treatments resulted in increasing proportions of mosses and bare ground. August spraying gave almost complete control of the indigenous species with the exception of F. rubra and mosses. The results are discussed in relation to the establishment of improved pastures in upland areas by surface seeding.     

Effects of grazing by lambs in autumn on a red clover-perennial ryegrass sward

In 1976, 1977 and 1978 a red clover-perennial ryegrass sward was cut twice for silage, and in the autumn of 1976 and 1977 it was either grazed at low and high stocking rates, i.e. seventeen and thirty-four lambs per ha respectively, or was cut with a forage harvester. The effects of grazing on yield in the following year were examined. Herbage growth in the grazing period was slow and did not differ significantly between the treatments. The yield of silage dry matter taken in May and July was highest in ungrazed plots (9·8 and 8·1 t ha^-1 in 1977 and 1978 respectively) and lowest in plots stocked at the high rate (5·9 and 5·7 t ha^-1 in 1977 and 1978 respectively). The aftermath yield for grazing in 1977 was slightly but significantly greater on treatments grazed in the previous year compared with ungrazed treatments. Red clover content decreased markedly during grazing, the high stocking rate treatment containing 2·4% clover and the ungrazed treatment 57·3% clover. The high stocking rate treatment also had the lowest red clover content in the first silage cut. Red clover content in grazed plots increased to a level similar to that in ungrazed plots by the start of the grazing period in the subsequent harvest year. Animal performance was higher at the low than at the high stocking rate but herbage consumption per head did not differ significantly between the two grazing treatments. Possible reasons for the adverse effect of grazing on the red clover are defoliation and treading. It is concluded that such experiments can form the basis of an economic assessment of red clover and help the farmer decide whether or not he should integrate the crop into his system.     

Regrowth of ryegrass swards subject to different cutting regimes and stocking densities

A cutting experiment was carried out on a sward of S23 perennial ryegrass to study the effect of different defoliation regimes on regrowth and the factors affecting regrowth. The defoliation frequencies and intensities encompassed the range commonly found on continuously stocked pastures. The defoliation regimes produced swards of contrasting growth form with regrowth characteristics which differed in respect of senescence loss, fall in water-soluble carbohydrate concentration, residual leaf area index, photosynthesis per unit leaf area index and photosynthesis per unit area of land. Regrowth was most closely related to the latter. These results were used to interpret data for net canopy photosynthesis of continuously grazed pastures.     

Influence of dietary protein and energy on growth,food consumption and food conversion efficiency in Penaeus merguiensis de Man

The requirement of juvenile Penaeus merguiensis for dietary protein and energy was assessed in growth trials performed in indoor recirculation systems using rations based on freeze-dried Mytilus edulis meal. From the results of these experiments evidence was obtained to indicate that the rate of food consumption in this prawn is related to the energy content of the diet. The implications of this are that the protein level required to support maximum growth and optimum protein conversion efficiency are also energy dependent. Optimum protein levels were estimated in the range 34.0–42.0% for diets of energy content 2.9–4.4 kcal/g. A possible scheme relating food consumption, energy production and growth in P. merguiensis is presented.     

A preliminary study on the protein requirements of Chanos chanos (Forskal) fry in a controlled environment

Milkfish (Chanos chanos) fry with an average weight of 40 mg per fish were stocked in 60-l wooden-glass aquaria filled with 30 l of filtered sea water with a salinity of 32–34 p.p.t. and a temperature of 25–28°C. They were fed diets containing 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60% protein and 2740 kcal of digestible energy per kg at a daily rate of 10% of the biomass for a period of 30 days. Fish which were fed the diet containing 40% protein had the highest weight gain which was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of fish receiving the lower dietary levels of protein. Slightly lower weight gains were obtained when fish were fed diets containing 50 and 60% protein. Although feed conversion values were not statistically different (P < 0.05) among all treatments, the value for the 40% protein diet (1.96) was the best. The mean survival rates were low for all treatments but was highest for the 40% protein diet. No significant difference (P < 0.05) was found in the survival rates of fish receiving different treatments. Results show that a dietary level of 40% protein was required by milkfish fry for maximum growth, efficient feed conversion and high survival rate.