韩国食用菌生产的现状及前景

韩国位于中温带,年降雨量1300mm,平均温度10～20℃,这种特异气候条件适于野生蘑菇的大量生长。商业化生产中,侧耳菌（蠔蘑）占总产量的64.5%,为9000农民创造产值75680M/T。韩国目前有16种侧耳菌菌株适宜于农民种植。生产者同消费者一样倾向于喜爱灰色或深色的子实体,而不是白色的。用稻草培养的伞菌是种植的第二大类食用菌,占总产量的13.7%。乳色钮扣状蘑菇还有小规模的种植,用松树原木培养的香菇占总产量的3.2%。这些蘑菇在国内或世界市场鲜食、干食均可。瓶装锯末培养的金针菇、北风菌、叶苓及柱盖菌占总产量的17.2%。瓶装生产的优势是自动化、产量计划的可能性。除了这些食用蘑菇,医用真菌如灵芝、天麻、茯苓等其他经济真菌在韩国也有较大的生产规模。     

Quantifying the information content of lattice images

Quantitative information may be extracted from local areas of images that consist of one or more types of unit cell. Fourier-space analysis, real-space intensity analysis, and real-space vector pattern recognition are discussed. The pattern recognition approach efficiently exploits the available information by representing the intensity distribution within each unit cell of the image as a multidimensional vector. Thus, the amount and the effect of noise present are determined, statistically significant features are identified, and quantitative comparisons are made with model images. In the case of chemical lattice images, the position of a vector can be directly related to the atomic composition of the unit cell it represents, allowing quantitative chemical mapping of materials at near-atomic sensitivity and resolution. More generally, the vector approach allows the efficient and quantitative extraction of information from images, which consist of mosaics of unit cells.     

Evidence for ozone formation in human atherosclerotic arteries

Here, we report evidence for the production of ozone in human disease. Signature products unique to cholesterol ozonolysis are present within atherosclerotic tissue at the time of carotid endarterectomy, suggesting that ozone production occurred during lesion development. Furthermore, advanced atherosclerotic plaques generate ozone when the leukocytes within the diseased arteries are activated in vitro. The steroids produced by cholesterol ozonolysis cause effects that are thought to be critical to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, including cytotoxicity, lipid-loading in macrophages, and deformation of the apolipoprotein B-100 secondary structure. We propose the trivial designation "atheronals" for this previously unrecognized class of steroids.     

Bidirectional transmembrane signaling by cytoplasmic domain separation in integrins

Although critical for development, immunity, wound healing, and metastasis, integrins represent one of the few classes of plasma membrane receptors for which the basic signaling mechanism remains a mystery. We investigated cytoplasmic conformational changes in the integrin LFA-1 (alphaLbeta2) in living cells by measuring fluorescence resonance energy transfer between cyan fluorescent protein-fused and yellow fluorescent protein-fused alphaL and beta2 cytoplasmic domains. In the resting state these domains were close to each other, but underwent significant spatial separation upon either intracellular activation of integrin adhesiveness (inside-out signaling) or ligand binding (outside-in signaling). Thus, bidirectional integrin signaling is accomplished by coupling extracellular conformational changes to an unclasping and separation of the alpha and beta cytoplasmic domains, a distinctive mechanism for transmitting information across the plasma membrane.     

Evidence that the reactivity of the martian soil is due to superoxide ions

The Viking Landers were unable to detect evidence of life on Mars but, instead, found a chemically reactive soil capable of decomposing organic molecules. This reactivity was attributed to the presence of one or more as-yet-unidentified inorganic superoxides or peroxides in the martian soil. Using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, we show that superoxide radical ions (O2-) form directly on Mars-analog mineral surfaces exposed to ultraviolet radiation under a simulated martian atmosphere. These oxygen radicals can explain the reactive nature of the soil and the apparent absence of organic material at the martian surface.     

Two-dimensional nanosheets produced by liquid exfoliation of layered materials

If they could be easily exfoliated, layered materials would become a diverse source of two-dimensional crystals whose properties would be useful in applications ranging from electronics to energy storage. We show that layered compounds such as MoS(2), WS(2), MoSe(2), MoTe(2), TaSe(2), NbSe(2), NiTe(2), BN, and Bi(2)Te(3) can be efficiently dispersed in common solvents and can be deposited as individual flakes or formed into films. Electron microscopy strongly suggests that the material is exfoliated into individual layers. By blending this material with suspensions of other nanomaterials or polymer solutions, we can prepare hybrid dispersions or composites, which can be cast into films. We show that WS(2) and MoS(2) effectively reinforce polymers, whereas WS(2)/carbon nanotube hybrid films have high conductivity, leading to promising thermoelectric properties.     

Creating favorable geometries for directing organic photoreactions in alkanethiolate monolayers

The products of photoreactions of conjugated organic molecules may be allowed by selection rules but not observed in solution reactions because of unfavorable reaction geometries. We have used defect sites in self-assembled alkanethiolate monolayers on gold surfaces to direct geometrically unfavorable photochemical reactions between individual organic molecules. High conductivity and stochastic switching of anthracene-terminated phenylethynylthiolates within alkanethiolate monolayers, as well as in situ photochemical transformations, have been observed and distinguished with the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Ultraviolet light absorbed during imaging increases the apparent heights of excited molecules in STM images, a direct manifestation of probing electronically excited states.     

Isolation of a cDNA from the virus responsible for enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis

Major epidemic outbreaks of viral hepatitis in underdeveloped countries result from a type of non-A, non-B hepatitis distinct from the parenterally transmitted form. The viral agent responsible for this form of epidemic, or enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis (ET-NANBH), has been serially transmitted in cynomolgus macaques (cynos) and has resulted in typical elevation in liver enzymes and the detection of characteristic virus-like particles (VLPs) in both feces and bile. Infectious bile was used for the construction of recombinant complementary DNA libraries. One clone, ET1.1, was exogenous to uninfected human and cyno genomic liver DNA, as well as to genomic DNA from infected cyno liver. ET1.1 did however, hybridize to an approximately 7.6-kilobase RNA species present only in infected cyno liver. The translated nucleic acid sequence of a portion of ET1.1 had a consensus amino acid motif consistent with an RNA-directed RNA polymerase; this enzyme is present in all positive strand RNA viruses. Furthermore, ET1.1 specifically identified similar sequences in complementary DNA prepared from infected human fecal samples collected from five geographically distinct ET-NANBH outbreaks. Therefore, ET1.1 represents a portion of the genome of the principal viral agent, to be named hepatitis E virus, which is responsible for epidemic outbreaks of ET-NANBH.