In vitro effects of plant essential oils on non‐specific immune parameters of red drum,Sciaenops ocellatus L.

Phytochemicals such as plant essential oils (EOs) have been reported to favour various activities in the innate immune system of fish. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify the in vitro effect of three different plant EOs (Ocimum americanum, Cymbopogon flexuosus and Melaleuca alternifolia) on non‐specific immune parameters and erythrocyte osmotic fragility of red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Concentrations of each plant EO evaluated in preparations of head‐kidney macrophages, blood leucocytes and blood plasma were as follows: 0.0 (control), 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, and 16.0 μg/ml. Red drum head‐kidney macrophages significantly increased extracellular superoxide anion production when exposed (20 h) to O. americanum EO (1.0‐8.0 μg/ml) and C. flexuosus EO (2.0 and 4.0 μg/ml). The respiratory burst of blood leucocytes (NBT test) significantly increased in all concentrations when compared to the respective control group, for all EOs. At the highest concentration (16.0 μg/ml), C. flexuosus EO significantly inhibited the haemolytic activity of complement system in red drum blood after 1 h exposure. None of the tested concentrations significantly altered plasma lysozyme activity or erythrocyte osmotic fragility after exposing (1 h) red drum whole blood to each EO. This study demonstrated that these plant EOs are capable of triggering superoxide anion production in red drum leucocytes (head‐kidney macrophages and/or blood leucocytes). In vivo studies are warranted to address their potential as immunostimulants in the diet of red drum and other aquacultured species.     

Anesthesia and anesthetic action mechanism of essential oils of Aloysia triphylla and Cymbopogon flexuosus in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen)

Objectives

To document the time for anesthesia induction and recovery using different concentrations of essential oils (EOs) of Cymbopogon flexuosus and Aloysia triphylla in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen), and to determine whether the mechanism of action of either EO involves the benzodiazepine (BDZ) site of the GABA_A receptor.

Oxidative and biochemical responses in Brycon amazonicus anesthetized and sedated with Myrcia sylvatica (G. Mey.) DC. and Curcuma longa L. essential oils

Objective

To investigate the effects of rapid anesthesia and long-term sedation with the essential oils (EOs) of Myrcia sylvatica (EOMS) and Curcuma longa (EOCL) on biochemical and oxidative parameters in matrinxã.

Modification of Cotton Fabrics with Silver Nanoparticles for Use in Conditioner Air to Minimize the Bioaerosol Concentration in Indoor Environments

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Sediment losses as concentrations and yields were measured for a year from 12 segments of a newly constructed (buried) natural gas pipeline on the US Forest...     

Effect of fasting and feeding on growth,intestinal morphology and enteroendocrine cell density in Rhamdia quelen juveniles

This study was carried out to assess the effect of fasting and feeding on growth, intestinal morphology and density of cholecystokinin (CCK‐) and neuropeptide Y (NPY‐) immunoreactive cells in Rhamdia quelen. Fish were fed during 30 days with three commercial feeds containing different protein levels (T1 = 25%, T2 = 30% and T3 = 45%) while one group remained food deprived (T0). Our results show that the T3 group presented higher final mean weight and specific growth rate, while food‐deprived group showed a significant weight loss. Histological analyses showed that the epithelial area of the intestine was significantly affected by fasting. Also, immunohistochemical analyses showed changes in enteroendocrine cells density, according to nutritional status. Cholecystokinin cell density was higher in T2 and T3 groups, while no differences in NPY cell density were observed between fed groups. Neuropeptide Y and CCK cell densities decreased in fasted group. Nevertheless, this group presented a higher NPY:CCK cell ratio (5:1) compared to fed groups (1–1.5:1), suggesting NPY acts as a peripheral orexigenic factor. These results show that the structure and endocrine functions of R. quelen intestine respond with a downregulation mechanism to endure long‐term starvation.     

Blood–brain barrier breakdown and myeloperoxidase activity in silver catfish experimentally infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Central nervous system (CNS) infections continue to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality, and microbial invasion of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is considered a prerequisite for CNS infections, which contribute to behavioural abnormalities and disease pathogenesis. Based on this information, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes disruption of the BBB, and to investigate the involvement of cerebral myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in this process in experimentally infected silver catfish. The permeability of the BBB to Evans blue dye increased in the infected animals on days three and six post‐infection (PI) compared to the control group. Moreover, cerebral MPO activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels also increased in the infected animals on days three and six PI compared to the control group. Based on this evidence, we concluded that P. aaeruginosa causes a disruption of the BBB, which may contribute to disease pathogenesis in the CNS. Moreover, the increase in cerebral MPO activity and ROS levels may be considered a pathway involved in BBB breakdown, allowing the passage of bacteria to the CNS.     

Aeromonas caviae inhibits hepatic enzymes of the phosphotransfer network in experimentally infected silver catfish: Impairment on bioenergetics

Several studies have been demonstrated that phosphotransfer network, through the adenylate kinase (AK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) activities, allows for new perspectives leading to understanding of disease conditions associated with disturbances in energy metabolism, metabolic monitoring and signalling. In this sense, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether experimental infection by Aeromonas caviae alters hepatic AK and PK activities of silver catfish Rhamdia quelen. Hepatic AK and PK activities decreased in infected animals compared to uninfected animals, as well as the hepatic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. Also, a severe hepatic damage was observed in the infected animals due to the presence of dilation and congestion of vessels, degeneration of hepatocytes and loss of liver parenchyma architecture and sinusoidal structure. Therefore, we have demonstrated, for the first time, that experimental infection by A. caviae inhibits key enzymes linked to the communication between sites of ATP generation and ATP utilization. Moreover, the absence of a reciprocal compensatory mechanism between these enzymes contributes directly to hepatic damage and for a severe energetic imbalance, which may contribute to disease pathophysiology.     

Citrus x aurantium essential oil as feed additive improved growth performance,survival, metabolic,and oxidative parameters of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen)

The effects of dietary supplementation of graded level (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 ml/kg diet) of Citrus aurantium essential oil (EOCA) on the growth, metabolic, and oxidative parameters of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) were investigated in a 60‐day growth trial. Fish fed with 2.0 ml EOCA per kg exhibited significantly better growth performance than those fed the control diet. Glucose, lactate, and protein levels in liver and muscle were altered significantly by dietary addition of EOCA. Hepatic lipid peroxidation levels, measured using thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and lipid hydroperoxides assays, were reduced in animals receiving the diet containing EOCA. Superoxide dismutase activity was higher, while glutathione S‐transferase activity was lower in the liver of fish receiving 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 ml EOCA per kg of diet than in control. The nonprotein thiols content was higher in fish receiving the EOCA‐containing diet. Thus, dietary addition of EOCA improved growth, biochemical, and antioxidant parameters in silver catfish and could be useful as dietary supplement.     

Marine and coastal protected and conserved areas strategy in Brazil: Context,lessons, challenges,finance, participation,new management models,and first results

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Influence of Electronarcosis on Behavioral Responses,Blood Markers,and Fillet Properties of Silver Catfish (Rhamdia quelen)

Behavioral responses, blood markers, and fillet properties were investigated after silver catfish exposure to different electric field strengths, frequency, and duration of electric current in the preslaughter stunning. All combinations of electric fields and frequencies were able to stun fish. Longer apparent stun was obtained at the intermediate electrical frequencies. High electric field strength detracted the texture of fillets. At least 5 s was required to stun fish, and longer exposure to electrical current did not prolong the apparent stun or damage fillet properties. Results indicate that silver catfish are relatively resistant to electronarcosis.