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121.
Substrates coated with specific bioactive ligands are important for tissue engineering, enabling the local presentation of extracellular stimulants at controlled positions and densities. In this study, we examined the cross-talk between integrin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors following their interaction with surface-immobilized Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) and EGF ligands, respectively. Surfaces of glass coverslips, modified with biotinylated silane-polyethylene glycol, were functionalized by either biotinylated RGD or EGF (or both) via the biotin-NeutrAvidin interaction. Fluorescent labeling of the adhering A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells for zyxin or actin indicated that EGF had a dual effect on focal adhesions (FA) and stress fibers: at low concentrations (0.1; 1 ng/ml), it stimulated their growth; whereas at higher concentrations, on surfaces with low to intermediate RGD densities, it induced their disassembly, leading to cell detachment. The EGF-dependent dissociation of FAs was, however, attenuated on higher RGD density surfaces. Simultaneous stimulation by both immobilized RGD and EGF suggest a strong synergy between integrin and EGFR signaling, in FA induction and cell spreading. A critical threshold level of EGF was required to induce significant variation in cell adhesion; beyond this critical density, the immobilized molecule had a considerably stronger effect on cell adhesion than did soluble EGF. The mechanisms underlying this synergy between the adhesion ligand and EGF are discussed. 相似文献
122.
Carla Roncoli Benjamin S. Orlove Merit R. Kabugo Milton M. Waiswa 《Agriculture and Human Values》2011,28(1):123-138
Climate change is confronting African farmers with growing uncertainties. Advances in seasonal climate predictions offer potential
for assisting farmers in dealing with climate risk. Experimental cases of forecast dissemination to African rural communities
suggest that participatory approaches can facilitate understanding and use of uncertain climate information. But few of these
studies integrate critical reflections on participation that have emerged in the last decade which reveal how participatory
approaches can miss social dynamics of power at the community level and in the broader context. Furthermore, neither climate
application research nor theoretical critiques of participation fully examine the culturally constructed nature of participation.
Drawing on sociolinguistic analysis, in-depth interviews, and ethnographic observation, this paper examines how Ugandan farmers
engage in participation in the context of discussions of seasonal climate forecasts. Forecasts were presented to farmers groups
whose members were then asked to discuss the forecast among themselves. In doing so, groups sought to develop a common understanding
of the forecast and consensual plans for response strategies. Focusing on one particular group meeting as an example, we show
how different cultural styles of participation affect the interpretation of the forecast and the formulation of response strategies.
Group interaction is shown to be mostly structured around two styles of participation. On the one hand, there is the “Western”
style advocated by NGOs and the government, which centers on ensuring that all individuals who are present have opportunities
to speak during discussion and to vote on group decisions. On the other hand, a “Kiganda” style of participation emphasizes
the importance of affirming ties to a collectivity, respect for social hierarchy, deployment of good manners, and consensus
building. The case study illuminates how the performance of different styles of participation is grounded in localized frameworks
of language and culture but also draw on political and policy discourses at the national level. Although a cultural high value
on consensus may work in favor of prominent members, the availability of multiple styles of participation also enables group
members to exercise their agency in positive ways. Attention to the interplay of different styles of participation throws
light on the subtle social processes that shape how knowledge is assessed, which sources are trusted, which and whose interpretations
prevail, what options are deemed viable, how costs and benefits are calculated, and whose resources are mobilized in the effort
to reduce vulnerability to climate risk. These are key questions for an assessment of the role of boundary organizations,
such as farmer associations, in the communication and application of climate forecasts in agriculture. 相似文献
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124.
Fanny Barsics Benjamin M. Delory Pierre Delaplace Frédéric Francis Marie-Laure Fauconnier Éric Haubruge François J. Verheggen 《Journal of pest science》2017,90(1):69-76
Soil-dwelling insects are known to react to chemical cues they encounter in the rhizosphere. Whether wireworms (Coleoptera, Elateridae) use root-emitted volatile organic chemicals to localize their host plant remains, however, poorly understood. Here, we aimed at identifying chemical cues released by barley roots that attract Agriotes sordidus. In a first behavioral experiment, we assessed the ability of wireworms to orient towards live barley roots, using dual-choice olfactometers suitable for belowground insects. Then, we collected the volatile organic compounds (VOC) produced by barley roots using a dynamic head-space sampling approach. VOC were quantified and identified using gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The odorant blend is composed of four aldehydes, namely hexanal, (E)-hex-2-enal, (E)-non-2-enal, and (E,Z)-nona-2,6-dienal. In a second set of dual-choice bioassays, wireworms were attracted towards a synthetic blend of these four major compounds. However, the synthetic blend was not as attractive as live roots, which is partially explained by the absence of CO2, commonly known as a strong attractant for soil-dwelling insects. While CO2 indicates the presence of living material in the vicinity, we hypothesize that additional VOC inform about the plant suitability. A better understanding of these belowground signals would contribute to the development of new integrated control strategies against wireworms. 相似文献
125.
The cost effective maintenance of underwater pressure pipes for sewage disposal in Austria requires the detection and localization of leakages. Extrusion of wastewater in lakes can heavily influence the water and bathing quality of surrounding waters. The Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) technology is a widely used technique for oil and gas pipeline leakage detection. While in pipeline leakage detection, fiber optic cables are installed permanently at the outside or within the protective sheathing of the pipe; this paper aims at testing the feasibility of detecting leakages with temporary introduced fiber optic cable inside the pipe. The detection and localization were tested in a laboratory experiment. The intrusion of water from leakages into the pipe, producing a local temperature drop, served as indicator for leakages. Measurements were taken under varying measurement conditions, including the number of leakages as well as the positioning of the fiber optic cable. Experiments showed that leakages could be detected accurately with the proposed methodology, when measuring resolution, temperature gradient and measurement time were properly selected. Despite the successful application of DTS for leakage detection in this lab environment, challenges in real system applications may arise from temperature gradients within the pipe system over longer distances and the placement of the cable into the real pipe system. 相似文献
126.
Helmy M. Youssef Martin Mascher Mohammad A. Ayoub Nils Stein Benjamin Kilian Thorsten Schnurbusch 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2017,64(5):843-853
Many-grained mutants occurring spontaneously among their less well-endowed field mates may have appeared to early farmers as fortunate twists of fate foreboding wealth and abundance. In domesticated barley, the number of kernel rows in spike can be tripled by recessive mutant alleles at the Six-rowed spike 1 (vrs1) locus that abolish the suppression of lateral spikelet fertility. In another barley row-type, so called intermedium-spike (int), lateral floret size is often intermediate between six-and two-rowed types. Phenotypic and sequence analyses of our intermedium-spike collection revealed that other genes can increase the size of florets and even stimulate occasional grain setting in lateral spikelets. Here, we show that a complete six-rowed phenotype occurs in a diverse panel of intermedium-spike barley carrying wildtype Vrs1 in the presence of the Int-c.a allele of the intermedium spike-c (int-c) gene, previously considered only as a modifier of lateral spikelet fertility. Int-c.a-type alleles had arisen before domestication and are associated with the enlargement of lateral florets in wild barley, suggesting that natural selection/evolution acts towards reduced lateral floret size. Since Int-c.a cannot overcome the suppression of lateral florets in the genomic background of wild barleys, we infer the existence of other gene loci, at which novel alleles or allelic combinations were selected for after domestication, to increase grain number of barley independently of Vrs1. 相似文献
127.
The assessment of genetic diversity and structuration of germplasm is essential for the efficient organization of breeding
material. The objectives of the study were to (i) examine the population structure of elite sugar beet germplasm, (ii) investigate
genetic diversity within and among subgroups of elite sugar beet germplasm, and (iii) assess the extent of linkage disequilibrium
(LD) within elite sugar beet germplasm. A total of 111 and 178 inbred lines from the seed and pollen parent (SP and PP) heterotic
gene pools, respectively, which had been genotyped with 23 SSR markers, were used in this study. Two distinct subgroups were
detected within the entire germplasm set by STRUCTURE and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). This observation was not expected
because the SP heterotic pool of sugar beet was developed out of the PP heterotic pool in the late 1970s. Our observation
of high LD in elite sugar beet germplasm suggests that association mapping will be possible in the examined germplasm set
using a relatively low numbers of markers. However, to reduce the problem of false-positive marker-phenotype association,
it might be necessary to examine the subgroups separately or apply association mapping methods which take into account this
structure. 相似文献
128.
129.
130.
Mazepa AW Kidd LB Young KM Trepanier LA 《Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association》2010,46(6):405-412
Anaplasma (A.) phagocytophilum, the etiological agent of canine granulocytic anaplasmosis, is capable of inciting moderate to severe clinical disease in a variety of mammals and is endemic in the upper midwest. The purpose of this study was fourfold: to describe the range of clinical signs in dogs seropositive to A. phagocytophilum; to examine the prevalence of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) in this population; to evaluate whether specific clinical signs were associated with coexposure to Borrelia (B.) burgdorferi in actively infected dogs; and to determine whether clinical response to doxycycline was complete in treated dogs. Medical records of dogs seropositive for A. phagocytophilum were reviewed retrospectively. Peripheral blood smears were also reviewed retrospectively for granulocytic Anaplasma morulae. Lethargy (81%), inappetence (58%), and lameness (50%) were the most common clinical signs, followed by fever (46%). Thrombocytopenia was the most common laboratory abnormality, and IMHA was diagnosed in three dogs. Dogs that were thrombocytopenic and had antibodies to both A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi had a median platelet count of 51,000/μL (range 20,000 to 171,000/μL), which was significantly lower than the count in dogs with antibodies only to A. phagocytophilum (P=0.04). Some dogs had an apparent relapse of clinical signs after an appropriate course of doxycycline. Testing for A. phagocytophilum by polymerase chain reaction, serum antibody assays, and/or blood smear evaluation should be considered in dogs with IMHA, cough, or epistaxis and that reside in A. phagocytophilum-endemic areas. If moderate to severe thrombocytopenia is present, testing for concurrent B. burgdorferi infection may be warranted. 相似文献