模拟酸雨和酸雾对水稻生理和生长的影响

模拟酸雨和酸雾（ｐＨ２．０～５．６）的土培试验结果表明，低ｐＨ酸雨和酸雾处理对水稻产生明显伤害，水稻叶片出现坏死斑点，细胞膜透性增大，汁液ｐＨ值明显下降，叶绿素含量和光合速率明显降低，并随酸雨和酸雾的酸度增大、处理剂量增加而加重；叶片Ｎ，Ｐ和Ｋ养分被淋失，生长受抑制，产量明显下降。酸雨和酸雾处理诱导叶片过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和抗坏血酸氧化酶活性增高，但不同酶的活性峰值出现在不同的处理酸度梯度上。相同酸度下，对水稻生长的抑制作用以酸雾大于酸雨。     

人工养殖的哲罗鱼、白点鲑和美洲红点鲑血液指标

为掌握哲罗鱼、白点鲑和美洲红点鲑血液学原始数据,测定了哲罗鱼、白点鲑和美洲红点鲑血液生理、生化指标,以及在5.75 /S,9.6 /S、11.5 /S、23.0 /S、46.0 /S、115.0 /S、230.0 /S 7个切变率（γ）全血粘度和230 /S切变率血浆粘度;将3种鱼在不同切变率下的全血黏度拟合成逆函数回归曲线,其全血质量分数都呈典型幂函数变化,其曲线回归方程分别为：哲罗鱼y=12.328 x-0.135 3,R2=0.9917;白点鲑y=7.894 2x-0.104 6,R2=0.9979;y=7.505 9x-0.106 2,R2=0.9931。统计分析表明：3种鱼Fb值呈显著性差异P﹤0.05;Tp差异不显著（P>0.05）,但存在大小关系：白点鲑>美洲红点鲑>哲罗鱼;红细胞聚集性指数（A1、A2）相互之间差异不显著（P>0.05）,白点鲑与美洲红点鲑之间红细胞刚性系数差异不显著（P>0.05）,均与哲罗鱼呈显著性差异（P<0.05）。     

茶氨酸对烟草幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

为了研究茶氨酸对烟草幼苗生长及生理特性的影响,以云烟87为材料,进行水培试验,对不同茶氨酸浓度(0、0.5、1和5 mmol·L-1)处理下烟草幼苗的生长特征及部分生化指标进行测定。结果表明,茶氨酸会使烟草幼苗根长变短,地上部分、地下部分干重和鲜重、根冠比以及叶绿素含量明显降低;可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量升高;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性降低,抗氧化酶系统失衡导致H2O2在烟草幼苗体内累积引起膜脂氧化造成损伤,丙二醛(MDA)含量及相对电导率相应的升高进一步说明了上述结论。由此可见,外源施加茶氨酸会使烟草幼苗体内抗氧化系统失衡致使膜脂氧化引发氧化损伤从而抑制其生长。     

江西烤烟化学成分与感官质量典型相关分析

化学成分与感官质量是决定烤烟质量的关键因子,探讨江西烤烟主要化学成分与感官质量的关系。采用简单相关分析和典型相关分析的方法对江西烤烟71个样本进行分析。结果表明,烟碱、水溶性总糖、还原糖和糖碱比对烤烟的劲头、刺激性、余味和浓度较大影响;总钾和总氯对烤烟香气量和浓度有较大影响。烤烟的化学成分与感官质量关系密切,烟气的酸碱平衡决定了烤烟的劲头、刺激性、余味和浓度,而烤烟的燃烧性决定了烤烟的香气量和浓度。     

新疆红雁池鱼场非洲鲫鱼传染病病原学研究初报

红雁池鱼场利用电场冷却电机回流水饲养非洲鲫鱼。１９８２～１９８３年分３批从北京小唐山温泉鱼场引进非洲鲫鱼，进场不久即大批死亡，死亡率由１８．３７％到几乎全群覆灭，造成很大的经济损失．经采样进行细菌分离与鉴定并对菌株作药敏试验，同时将病鱼组织磨碎，匀浆后进行差速离心和梯度离心沉淀，点样用磷钨酸和醋酸氧铀分别染色作电镜观察。其结果为；电镜检查未发现病毒，细菌学检查分离出８株细菌。分离出的细菌以气单胞菌属菌为主（８株菌中、气单胞属菌占６株），因此定名为气单胞菌感染复合症（ＡｅｒｏｍｏｎａｄＭｉｘｅｄＩｎｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ　Ｃｏｍｐｌｅｘ）。分离上述菌株对小白鼠有较强致病力，鉴于国外文献报道气单胞菌属偶能引起人传染性胃肠炎，故本病可能为人鱼共患病，特此报道．警惕注意。     

水中爆破对海洋生物及海洋环境的影响研究

本文主要根据１９８３年６月在莱州湾现场模拟水中爆破勘探石油对水产资源的影响实验，分别实验了爆破所产生的声压波对鱼、虾、蟹、贝类和浮游生物的影响，采集并分析了爆炸前后的海水样品。由实验结果得出，水中爆破对海水水质的影响主要因素是：悬浮物、无机氮等。水中爆破所产生的声压波对海洋生物有一定的致死作用，但致死范围不大，而对水产资源的幼体和浮游生物伤害较大。     

响应面法优化工业大麻叶抑制金黄色葡萄球菌物质超声提取工艺

为提升工业大麻叶生理活性功能,研究工业大麻叶抑菌物质的最佳超声提取工艺。采用牛津杯法结合微量二倍稀释法比较工业大麻叶乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、单核细胞李斯特菌、沙门氏菌的抑菌作用,并以抑菌效果最佳的金黄色葡萄球菌为供试菌,在单因素试验基础上,以抑菌圈直径为响应值,采用Box-Behnken响应面法优化超声辅助浸提工业大麻叶抑菌物质的工艺参数。结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为液料比14∶1(m L/g),乙醇浓度88%,超声温度29℃,超声时间20 min,在该条件下,工业大麻叶提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径达(19. 65±0. 20) mm,与理论最优值19. 68 mm接近。该工艺稳定可靠,适用于工业大麻叶中抗金黄色葡萄球菌物质的超声提取,可为工业大麻叶的高效利用及新型防腐剂的开发提供理论依据。     

培养温度、水分活度对稻谷和大米黄曲霉生长及产毒的影响

为了解析不同培养温度和水分活度对稻谷和大米黄曲霉生长和产毒的影响,揭示温度和水分活度(a_w)调控稻米上黄曲霉生长和产毒的分子机制,以湖南黄华占稻谷和黑龙江稻花香大米为原料,分析稻谷和大米的真菌菌相,并采用高效液相色谱法测定稻谷和大米AFB₁含量,利用荧光定量PCR分析稻谷和大米水分活度及温度对黄曲霉毒素生物合成关键基因表达的影响。结果表明,当a_w降低至0.75以下,稻谷和大米上不适合黄曲霉生长繁殖和产毒。在33℃、a_w为0.96条件下大米黄曲霉产毒最多,33℃、a_w为0.90条件下大米黄曲霉的生长最好;稻谷则是在温度37℃,a_w为0.94和0.92条件下分别为最适产毒和生长,可见黄曲霉在稻谷和大米上生长和产毒的最适条件并不统一。荧光定量PCR结果显示,低温25℃可以促进黄曲霉产毒基因表达,但毒素在转录合成过程中受到了阻抑,高温37℃则抑制部分结构基因的表达,但菌的生长受到极显著影响而导致毒素量极低。因此,稻谷和大米储藏期及加工时,保持较低的a_w是有效预防黄曲霉侵染及AFB₁污染的关键。本研究结果为制定储藏及加工期稻谷和大米黄曲霉毒素污染的防控措施提供了一定的理论依据和数据支撑。     

Heritability Estimates and Genetic Correlations Among Body Weight and Measurement Traits of Large‐size Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,in China

The variance components of additive effects and genetic correlations of body weight (BW) and body measurement traits were estimated in a freshwater strain selected for large size in a breeding program for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, in China. Phenotypic data were collected for BW and measurement traits from 2362 individuals with a two‐generation pedigree, and the average information‐restricted maximum likelihood method was used for the genetic analysis. The genetic parameters of BW were estimated at three time points (550, 850, and 1000 days post‐fertilization [dpf]), showing high heritability in a range from 0.33 to 0.98. However, the heritability estimates of total length (TL) showed lower values ranging from 0.05 to 0.51, with high standard errors. Genetic correlation between TL and BW was almost equal to unity at 550 dpf, and the genetic correlations between TL at 550 dpf and BW at two other time points were all positive and very high (ca. 0.95–0.99). These results indicate that BW and TL selected at 550 dpf had a direct positive effect on BW performance at 1000 dpf, which was 450 d before the date of the target trait observed.     

Movements of dams milked for fermented horse milk production in Mongolia

Airag, (Fermented horse milk) is a traditional milk product in Mongolia. Herders separate foals from their dams and tie them at a milking site during the daytime to produce airag. To evaluate the effects of horse management on the movement of dams, we tracked three dams in a herd in camp 1 during summer and camp 2 during autumn of 2013 and analyzed their movements during the milking (daytime) and non‐milking (nighttime) periods in an area famous for its high‐quality airag. Dams were gathered every 1.7 ± 0.0 h between 07.46 and 15.47 hours at the milking sites and milked 4.6 ± 0.2 times/day during the study period (86 days). Daily cumulative and maximum linear distances from the milking sites were longer (P < 0.01) during the non‐milking period than during the milking period. Daily home ranges were 91 and 26 times greater during the non‐milking period (P < 0.001) in camps 1 and 2, respectively. The greater range during the non‐milking period would reflect the spatial distributions of water, salt and forage. The dams initially used similar areas and gradually shifted their daily home ranges after several days. This shift suggests that the dams grazed farther afield as forage availability declined around the milking site. For better airag production and sustainable pasture use, our results provide insights useful for evaluating the effects of milking management on vegetation and soil in those pastures, for selecting the appropriate milking times and frequency, and for choosing the right timing to shift milking sites.