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91.
92.
Defining the validity of a biochemical index of soil quality 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
M. C. Leirós C. Trasar-Cepeda F. García-Fernández F. Gil-Sotres 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1999,30(1-2):140-146
The native soils of Galicia (NW Spain) exhibit a biochemical equilibrium such that total soil N is a function of five biochemical
and microbiological parameters: microbial biomass C, mineralized N, phosphomonoesterase, β-glucosidase and urease activities.
To investigate whether the ratio of the total N calculated from biochemical soil properties (Nc) and the total N as measured
by the Kjeldahl method (Nk; Nc/Nk) can be used as an index of soil quality, we determined these variables and consequently
the ratio in three kinds of disturbed soils: an artificially Cu-contaminated soil, two lignite mine soils, and a number of
arable soils. In none of the studied soils did the individual biochemical parameters respond consistently to the factors influencing
soil quality, but in all cases soil degradation was reflected by the Nc/Nk value, which differed more or less markedly from
100%. Nc/Nk can therefore be used for the rapid evaluation of soil degradation, since it distinguishes among biochemically
balanced soils, soils in a transient state of high microbiological and biochemical activity and degraded soils. It can also
serve as a reliable basis for the rapid calculation of the "ecological dose" (ED50) of soil pollutants. The use of Nc/Nk as an objective index of the biochemical quality of soils is recommended.
Received: 20 December 1998 相似文献
93.
E López Agüero N Bosch Bosch C Barrera Vázquez B López Ruiz 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》1999,47(11):4682-4685
A new, simple, precise, and rapid ion chromatography (IC) method has been developed to determine chloride in mustard sauces using a mixture of phthalic acid, acetone, and water adjusted to pH 5.0 as eluent. Conductometric detection was carried out. The retention time for chloride was 1.5 min. Linearity was obtained up to a concentration level of 100 mg/L NaCl. The method was statistically evaluated for accuracy and precision after being used to assay the chloride from mustard sauces. Within the same samples, the chloride levels obtained by IC were compared with the sodium concentrations quantified by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. 相似文献
94.
Supercritical fluid extraction of pesticides from a table-ready food composite of plant origin (gazpacho) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Aguilera A Brotons M Rodríguez M Valverde A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(19):5616-5621
Supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction (SFE) has been evaluated for the extraction of 17 organohalogen and organophosphate pesticides in gazpacho (a table-ready food composite containing crude vegetables, white bread, vegetable oil, water, and other minor components) using anhydrous magnesium sulfate as drying agent. The effects of different parameters, such as fat content in gazpacho composites, magnesium sulfate/gazpacho ratio, supercritical fluid volume, pressure, temperature, and static modifier additions, on SFE recoveries from spiked gazpacho samples have been studied. Analyses were performed by gas chromatography (GC) with flame photometric (FPD), electron capture (ECD), and mass spectrometry (MSD) detectors. In most experiments, recoveries obtained for the nonpolar organohalogen pesticides were lower than those obtained for the most polar organophosphate pesticides, but overall pesticide recoveries determined by using the optimal SFE conditions indicate that SFE could be used to determine pesticide residue levels in gazpacho. 相似文献
95.
Sanchez R Vázquez A Riquelme D Villén J 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(21):6098-6102
A fully automated on-line reversed phase liquid chromatography-gas chromatography system is described. The system uses a prototype of the automated through oven transfer adsorption desorption interface. The system is demonstrated by presenting a new rapid method for the determination of pesticide residue in olive oil, which is injected directly with no sample pretreatment step other than filtration. Methanol:water is used as the eluent in the LC preseparation step, while the LC fraction containing the pesticide is automatically transferred to the gas chromatograph. Detection limits of pesticides varied from 0.18 to 0.44 mg/L when a flame ionization detector was used. As an example, relative standard deviation and linear calibration are presented for terbutryne. 相似文献
96.
Enzyme-mediated solvent extraction of carotenoids from marigold flower (Tagetes erecta) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Barzana E Rubio D Santamaria RI Garcia-Correa O Garcia F Ridaura Sanz VE López-Munguía A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(16):4491-4496
Marigold flowers are the most important source of carotenoids for application in the food industry. However, the extraction gives almost 50% losses of the carotenoids depending on conditions for silaging, drying, and solvent extraction. In the past decades, macerating enzymes have been successfully applied to improve the extraction yield of valued compounds from natural products. In this work, an alternative extraction process for carotenoids is proposed, consisting of a simultaneous enzymatic treatment and solvent extraction. The proposed process employs milled fresh flowers directly as raw material, eliminating the inefficient silage and drying operations as well as the generation of hard to deal with aqueous effluents present in traditional processes. The process developed was tested at the 80 L scale, where under optimal conditions a carotenoid recovery yield of 97% was obtained. 相似文献
97.
Silva BM Andrade PB Ferreres F Domingues AL Seabra RM Ferreira MA 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(16):4615-4618
Qualitative and quantitative analyses of phenolic compounds were carried out on quince fruit samples from seven different geographical origins in Portugal. For each origin, both pulp and peel were analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC-DAD and HPLC-DAD/MS.The results revealed differences between the phenolic profiles of pulps and peels in all studied cases. The pulps contained mainly caffeoylquinic acids (3-, 4-, and 5-O-caffeoylquinic acids and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid) and one quercetin glycoside, rutin (in low amount). The peels presented the same caffeoylquinic acids and several flavonol glycosides: quercetin 3-galactoside, kaempferol 3-glucoside, kaempferol 3-rutinoside, and several unidentified compounds (probably kaempferol glycoside and quercetin and kaempferol glycosides acylated with p-coumaric acid). The highest content of phenolics was found in peels. 相似文献
98.
Use of nootkatone as a senescence indicator for Rouge La Toma Cv. grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.)
Biolatto A Sancho AM Cantet RJ Güemes DR Pensel NA 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(17):4816-4819
The objective of this research was to study the usefulness of nootkatone as a senescence indicator for Rouge La Toma cv. grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.), simulating different treatments that included the normal postharvest handling of citrus fruits: temperature conditioning, cold storage, shipment periods to overseas markets such as Japan and the U.S., marketing conditions, and storage at nonchilling temperature (control treatments). The highest nootkatone levels, determined by GLC-MS analyses, were detected in fruits subjected to control treatments. No significant differences were observed in nootkatone levels between treatments either with or without temperature conditioning prior to the start of the cold storage. Levels of nootkatone increased throughout time for all assayed treatments. The linear regressions of nootkatone levels showed correlation coefficients of 0.80 and 0.83 with storage time (29 and 42 days, respectively). Therefore, nootkatone appears to be a good indicator of senescence for Rouge La Toma grapefruit. 相似文献
99.
Faleiro L Miguel G Gomes S Costa L Venâncio F Teixeira A Figueiredo AC Barroso JG Pedro LG 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(21):8162-8168
Antilisterial activities of Thymbra capitata and Origanum vulgare essential oils were tested against 41 strains of Listeria monocytogenes. The oil of T. capitata was mainly constituted by one component, carvacrol (79%), whereas for O. vulgare three components constituted 70% of the oil, namely, thymol (33%), gamma-terpinene (26%), and p-cymene (11%). T. capitata essential oil had a significantly higher antilisterial activity in comparison to O. vulgare oil and chloramphenicol. No significant differences in L. monocytogenes susceptibilities to the essential oils tested were registered. The minimum inhibitory concentration values of T. capitata essential oil and of carvacrol were quite similar, ranging between 0.05 and 0.2 microL/mL. Antioxidant activity was also tested, the essential oil of T. capitata showing significantly higher antioxidant activity than that of O. vulgare. Use of T. capitata and O. vulgare essential oils can constitute a powerful tool in the control of L. monocytogenes in food and other industries. 相似文献
100.
Morales F Cartelat A Alvarez-Fernández A Moya I Cerovic ZG 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(25):9668-9678
Synchrotron radiation and the time-correlated single-photon counting technique were used to investigate the spectral and time-resolved characteristics of blue-green fluorescence (BGF) of artichoke leaves. Leaves emitted BGF under ultraviolet (UV) excitation; the abaxial side was much more fluorescent than the adaxial side, and in both cases, the youngest leaves were much more fluorescent than the oldest ones. The BGF of artichoke leaves was dominated by the presence of hydroxycinnamic acids. A decrease in the percentage of BGF attributable to the very short kinetic component (from 42 to 20%), in the shape of the BGF excitation spectra, and chlorogenic acid concentrations indicate that there is a loss of hydroxycinnamic acid with leaf age. Studies on excitation, emission, and synchronized fluorescence spectra of leaves and trichomes and chlorogenic acid contents indicate that chlorogenic acid is one of the main blue-green fluorophores in artichoke leaves. Results of the present study indicate that 20-42% (i.e., the very short kinetic component) of the overall BGF is emitted by chlorogenic acid. Time-resolved BGF measurements could be a means to extract information on chlorogenic acid fluorescence from the overall leaf BGF. 相似文献