小型水电厂监控系统方案及其通信

介绍小型水电厂监控系统方案及其通信软件设计。采用两级完全分布式监控方案，省去常规的当地控制单元（LCU）。监控IPC经CAN_BUS和RS485与具有不同通信协议的各种智能模块进行信息交互。监控软件的通信模块采用多线程技术有效地实现了人机交互及数据管理模块与通信模块分时多任务操作。给出了具体的实现方法。     

Histopathology of infection and colonization of Quercus ilex fine roots by Phytophthora cinnamomi

Quercus ilex is one of the European forest species most susceptible to root rot caused by the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi. This disease contributes to holm oak decline, a particularly serious problem in the ‘dehesas’ ecosystem of the southwestern Iberian Peninsula. This work describes the host–pathogen interaction of Q. ilex and P. cinnamomi, using new infection indices at the tissue level. Fine roots of 6‐month‐old saplings inoculated with P. cinnamomi were examined by light microscopy and a random pool of images was analysed in order to calculate different indices based on the measured area of pathogen structures. In the early stages of invasion, P. cinnamomi colonizes the apoplast and penetrates cortical cells with somatic structures. On reaching the parenchymatous tissues of the central cylinder, the pathogen develops different reproductive and survival structures inside the cells and then expands through the vascular system of the root. Some host responses were identified, such as cell wall thickening, accumulation of phenolic compounds in the middle lamella of sclerenchyma tissues, and mucilage secretion blocking vascular cells. New insights into the behaviour of P. cinnamomi inside fine roots are described. Host responses fail due to rapid expansion of the pathogen and a change in its behaviour from biotrophic to necrotrophic.     

红枣中苯并［a］芘污染及其膳食风险评估

为明确我国红枣中苯并［a］芘的污染水平和膳食暴露风险,对市场抽样调查的100个干制红枣样品进行检测,采用非参数Bootstrap方法对干制红枣中苯并［a］芘的浓度进行估算,结合中国2个代表性人群(成人和儿童)红枣膳食摄入量,计算通过红枣消费造成的苯并［a］芘膳食平均暴露量和高端暴露量,参考FAO/WHO食品添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA)对苯并［a］芘致癌性起始点(Point of departure,100 μg/kg bw.d),计算暴露限值(Margin of exposure,MOE),得出膳食风险结论。同时,进行实验室模拟新鲜红枣干燥试验,明确红枣干制过程中苯并［a］芘的污染来源。结果表明:干制红枣检测样品中苯并［a］芘质量分数的平均值为2.00 μg/kg、97.5分位值为7.30 μg/kg;通过红枣消费造成的苯并［a］芘膳食平均暴露量为0.000 013 μg/kg bw.d(成人)和0.000 054 μg/kg bw.d(儿童),高端暴露量(97.5分位值)为0.000 152 μg/kg bw.d(成人)和0.000 535 μg/kg bw.d(儿童);暴露限值为1 851 852~7 692 307(按苯并［a］芘质量分数和膳食消费量的平均值估算)和186 916~657 895(按苯并［a］芘质量分数和膳食消费量的97.5分位值估算),远超出JECFA推荐的MOE>10 000的安全边界。同时,考虑到红枣的低膳食消费率(0.03%~0.25%),红枣中苯并［a］芘污染属于低膳食暴露风险。通过实验室模拟新鲜红枣干燥试验证明煤火烘干干燥是造成红枣中苯并［a］芘浓度较高的重要原因。     

The efficiency of nitrogen in cattle manures when applied to a double‐annual forage cropping system

The use of cattle manure (CM) for fertilization presents challenges for optimizing nitrogen (N) use. Our work aimed to assess N efficiencies, in a 6‐year experiment with three biennial rotations of four crops: oat–sorghum (first year) and ryegrass–maize (second year) in a rainfed humid Mediterranean area of Spain. Fertilization treatments included the following: control (no N), 250 kg mineral N ha^?1 year^?1 (250MN), three CM rates (supplying 170, 250 and 500 kg N ha^?1 year^?1) and four treatments where the two lowest CM rates were complemented with either 80 or 160 kg mineral N ha^?1 year^?1. Treatments were distributed randomly in each of three blocks. Maximum dry‐matter yield (~44–49 t ha^?1 rotation^?1) was achieved in the third rotation, and only the control and the 170CM yielded significantly less. Within the limitations of the EU Nitrate Directive, the N steady state supply of 170CM always requires a complement of mineral N (80 kg N ha^?1) to maximize N agronomic efficiency. The maximum N‐fertilizer replacement value (250CM vs. 250MN) was 0·67, without significant differences between the two treatments in other N‐related efficiency indexes, which indicates that plants took advantage of residual‐N effects. Nitrogen losses by leaching in the 250CM treatment were around 5–7% of the N applied. This reinforces the sustainability of manure recycling in long cropping seasons.     

Effect of different ions on larval metamorphosis of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis

Metamorphic responses of pediveliger larvae of Mytilus galloprovincialis to different ions were investigated through a series of bioassays. Effects of tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) on inductive effects of these above ions were also investigated. Excess ions including Li⁺, Cs⁺, Rb⁺ and Ca²⁺ induced larval metamorphosis at 10^?3 M to 5 × 10^?2 M in 24‐h exposure assays. In continuous exposure assays, only excess Ca²⁺ showed inductive activity and induced 25% metamorphosis at 5 × 10^?2 M. Larval responses to Li⁺ and Rb⁺were inhibited by TEA, while induction of metamorphosis by Cs⁺and Ca²⁺ was independent of the presence of TEA. Thus, these ions used can be useful inducers of larval metamorphosis for application in the aquaculture industry. The finding provides new insights on the biochemical mechanism controlling larval metamorphosis in this species.     

横断山北部土壤钾素的区域分布特征

横断山北部是我国地理环境独特和生物多样性最丰富的地区之一，其生态恢复与重建对整个长江流域的水土流失治理及生态安全具有重要的现实意义，故一直受到国内外学术界的高度关注。但由于近40年来人类活动和气候环境的变化，其林木蓄积量大幅度减少，水土流失日趋严重，生态环境破碎化，部分野生动植物资源已濒临灭绝，已有研究表明属生态脆弱区。尽管该区实施退耕还林工程和天然林保护工程已四年，但因该区域有关生态环境（包括土壤钾素养分等）的基础研究资料较少，生态重建进度仍很缓慢。     

卫星遥感技术在林火管理与研究中的应用(英文)

卫星遥感已经成为森林火险等级预测、可燃物和火烧区制图、林火监测和火生态研究的一个主要数据来源。本文综述了这些研究领域的研究成果,分析了未来林火管理中采用的卫星遥感技术的发展趋势。根据卫星遥感数据制取的可燃物分布图可以满足林火管理在空间和时间尺度上的需要。单独采用遥感数据或结合地面气象数据可以生成一些火险指数,用于森林火险的预报。目前NOAA 和MODIS 卫星由于有高的时间分辨率已被广泛用于林火探测和监测,这些监测结果可以在许多林火网站上见到,这为世界各地的林火管理和研究提供了重要的参考资料。作为低成本的有效工具, 卫星遥感技术在确定火烧面积和过火区制图上发挥了重要作用。遥感技术的发展也可以用来推断火烧时间和估计火烧程度。卫星遥感也非常适合用来估计生物燃烧面积,这是估计全球或区域生物燃烧排放量和理解火对全球变化的影响的基础。本文还讨论了林火研究中采用的卫星类型。文章最后建议中国需要在卫星遥感技术的应用上进一步发展,提高我国的林火管理水平。参71。     

Ecological impacts of small hydropower plants on headwater stream fish: from individual to community effects

Hydroelectricity is increasingly used worldwide as a source of renewable energy, and many mountain ranges have dozens or hundreds of hydropower plants, with many more being under construction or planned. Although the ecological impacts of large dams are relatively well known, the effects of small hydropower plants and their weirs have been much less investigated. We studied the effects of water diversion of small hydropower plants on fish assemblages in the upper Ter river basin (Catalonia, NE Spain), which has headwater reaches with good water quality and no large dams but many of such plants. We studied fish populations and habitat features on control and impacted reaches for water diversion of 16 hydropower plants. In the impacted reaches, there was a significantly lower presence of refuges for fish, poorer habitat quality, more pools and less riffles and macrophytes, and shallower water levels. We also observed higher fish abundance, larger mean fish size and better fish condition in the control than in impacted reaches, although the results were species‐specific. Accordingly, species composition was also affected, with lower relative abundance of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Pyrenean minnow (Phoxinus bigerri) in the impacted reaches and higher presence of stone loach (Barbatula quignardi) and Mediterranean barbel (Barbus meridionalis). Our study highlights the effects of water diversion of small hydropower plants from the individual to the population and community levels but probably underestimates them, urging for further assessment and mitigation of these ecological impacts.     

Determination of carcinoembryonic antigen and cancer antigen (CA 15‐3) in bitches with tumours on mammary gland: preliminary report

The aim of this work was to determine levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cancer antigen (CA 15‐3) in the blood serum of 45 bitches. A modified procedure was used to determine the CEA and CA 15‐3 markers with the human kits using the radioimmunoassay method. Samples collected from extirpated tumour of mammary glands were histologically processed and classified as per WHO guidelines. The average age of animals with tumour was 10.00 ± 2.2 years; for healthy bitches average age was 4.2 ± 3.2 years. Values of CEA and CA 15‐3 were considered positive, if they exceeded 0.23 ng mL^?1 and 7 IU mL^?1, respectively. Average levels of CEA in the tumour group were 0.25 ± 0.06 versus 0.20 ± 0.03 in healthy bitches (P = 0.0001). The average CA 15‐3 value in bitches with tumour was 8.58 ± 1.27 versus 5.14 ± 1.34 in healthy animals (P < 0.0001).