Pharmacokinetics of cefquinome in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after a single intramuscular or intraperitoneal administration

The pharmacokinetics of cefquinome was studied in plasma after a single dose (10 mg/kg) of intramuscular (i.m.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration to tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in freshwater at 30 °C. Ten fish per sampling point were examined after treatment. The data were fitted to two‐compartment open models following both routes of administration. The estimates of total body clearance (CL/F), volume of distribution (Vd/F), and absorption half‐life (T_1/2ka) were 0.049 and 0.037 L/h/kg, 0.41 and 0.33 L/kg, and 0.028 and 0.035 h following i.m. and i.p. administration, respectively. After i.m. injection, the elimination half‐life (T_1?2β) was calculated to be 5.81 h, the maximum plasma concentration (C_max) to be 49.40 μg/mL, the time to peak plasma cefquinome concentration (T_max) to be 0.14 h, and the area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) to be 204.6 μg h/mL. Following i.p. administration, the corresponding estimates were 6.05 h, 44.39 μg/mL, 0.17 h and 267.8 μg h/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of cefquinome, determined for 30 strains of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from diseased tilapia, ranged from 0.015 to 0.12 μg/mL. Results from these studies support that 10 mg cefquinome/kg body weight daily could be expected to control tilapia bacterial pathogens inhibited in vitro by a minimal inhibitory concentration value of ≤2 μg/mL.     

施氮与株丛切割对退化新麦草草地的改良效果

本文研究了施氮肥和株丛切割对退化新麦草人草地生产性能的影响,结果表明,施氮肥和株丛切割提高了新麦草草地生产性能和生产力。此外,施氮肥可改善牧草品质及土壤牮氮能力。株丛切割和施氮肥（１２０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２）相结合与单施氮肥相比,成本较低,对退化新麦草草地的改良效果良好,年均产草量２６７９．５ｋｇＤＭ／ｈｍ＾２。     

猴头菌不同生长发育期粗蛋白、粗多糖含量及水溶性粗多糖体外免疫活性

测定猴头菌(Hericium erinaceus)华中猴头菌株不同生长发育期子实体中的粗蛋白、粗多糖和水溶性粗多糖中β-葡聚糖含量,并研究不同生长发育期子实体粗多糖体外刺激巨噬细胞产生NO的活性变化规律.结果表明,供试菌株不同生长发育期子实体的粗蛋白、粗多糖和β-葡聚糖含量以及粗多糖体外刺激巨噬细胞产生NO的活性均存在显著或极显著差异,随着生长发育的进行,猴头菌子实体中粗蛋白含量总体上呈下降的趋势(小菌剌期比前一时期有所增加),而多糖含量则总体呈上升趋势(小菌刺期比后一时期高),β-葡聚糖含量呈先快速上升后平稳的趋势;分裂期粗多糖在浓度500 μg/mL时对RAW264.7释放NO的促进作用较强.     

川楝素对妊娠小鼠子宫组织中CD4+/CD8+T细胞和F4/80+巨噬细胞的影响

为探讨CD4+、CD8+ T淋巴细胞和F4/80+巨噬细胞在流产发生机制中的意义,研究中药单体成分川楝素诱导小鼠流产的作用及机理,本试验给妊娠5 d小鼠连续3 d腹腔注射不同剂量的川楝素溶液,对照组以等量的蒸馏水代替,于妊娠9 d处死.在给药后发现随着注射川楝素剂量的增加,小鼠的流产率逐渐上升,CD4+、CD8+ T淋...     

Response of Thawed Epidi dymal Red Deer Spermatozoa to Increasing Concentrations of Hydrogen Peroxide,and Importance of Individual Male Variability

Oxidative stress represents a challenge during sperm manipulation. We have tested the effect of increasing hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels on red deer spermatozoa after cryopreservation, and the role of male‐to‐male variation in that response. In a first experiment, eight thawed samples were submitted to 0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μm H₂O₂ for 2 h at 37°C. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (H₂DCFDA‐CM) increased with H₂O₂ concentration, but we only detected a decrease in sperm function (motility by CASA and chromatin damage by sperm chromatin structure assay) with 200 μm . Lipoperoxidation assessed by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) method increased slightly with 50 μm H₂O₂ and above. In a second experiment, samples from seven males were submitted to 0 and 200 μm H₂O₂ for 2 h, triplicating the experiment within each male. Males differed at thawing and regarding their response to incubation and H₂O₂ presence. We found that the kinematic parameters reflected male‐to‐male variability, whereas the response of the different males was similar for lipid peroxidation and viability. A multiparametric analysis showed that males grouped differently if samples were assessed after thawing, after incubation without H₂O₂ or after incubation with H₂O₂. Red deer spermatozoa are relatively resilient to H₂O₂ after thawing, but it seems to be a great male‐to‐male variability regarding the response to oxidative stress. The acknowledgement of this individual variability might improve the development of optimized sperm work protocols.     

新疆大蒜叶疫病的研究:Ⅱ病菌越冬致病性病害流行因素及防治

 试验结果表明,本菌(Stemphylium vesicarium(Wallr.) Simons)以病残体上分生孢子和菌丝体在田间和冷藏室越冬,9月至翌年6月检查,分生孢子萌发率为16.4~41.3%。人工接种试验指出,不论有无伤口,病菌均可侵染大蒜,但洋葱与大葱在伤口接种条件下病情较重。在自然条件下,大蒜的斑点型病状出现于6月下旬,7月为病情高峰期。影响病情的天气因素,主要是7月份温度和7月中旬的降水量(r=0.69)。如果7月雨次多、雨时长,病情即极为严重,可导致蒜田绝收。化学防治试验结果,以腐霉利防效最佳。从7月上旬开始,每间隔10~13天喷药1次。喷药2~3次即可取得较好的防治效果。     

Physicochemical and Structural Characteristics of Flours and Starches from Waxy and Nonwaxy Wheats

A waxy spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotype was fractionated into flour and starch by roller and wet‐milling, respectively. The resultant flour and starch were evaluated for end‐use properties and compared with their counterparts from hard and soft wheats and with commercial waxy and nonwaxy corn (Zea mays L.) starches. The waxy wheat flour had exceptionally high levels of water absorption and peak viscosity compared with hard or soft wheat flour. The flour formed an intermediate‐strength dough that developed rapidly and was relatively susceptible to mixing. Analysis by differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffractometry showed waxy wheat starch had higher gelatinization temperatures, a greater degree of crystallization, and an absence of an amylose‐lipid complex compared with nonwaxy wheat. Waxy wheat and corn starches showed greater refrigeration and freeze‐thaw stabilities than did nonwaxy starches as demonstrated by syneresis tests. They were also similar in pasting properties, but waxy wheat starch required lower temperature and enthalpy to gelatinize. The results show analogies between waxy wheat and waxy corn starches, but waxy wheat flour was distinct from hard or soft wheat flour in pasting and mixing properties.     

Somatic cell and innate immune responses in mammary glands of lactating cows to intramammary infusion of Bifidobacterium breve at pre-drying off period

Intramammary infusion of Bifidobacterium breve (B. breve)-induced somatic cell (SC) counts, chemiluminescent response (CL), lactoferrin (LF) concentrations and mastitis-causing pathogens from quarters with subclinical mastitis were measured to evaluate innate immune response of mammary glands in dairy cows at 3 to 4 weeks before drying off. SC counts in 7 quarters of 7 control cows and 5 quarters of 6 cows with mastitis increased markedly on day 1 and SC values in control cows were significantly (P<0.05) increased and returned to pre-infusion levels on day 5 after B. breve-infusion. CL values in both groups increased markedly on day 1 and then decreased after B. breve-infusion; however, CL values in cows with mastitis did not return to normal levels on day 5 and at postpartum. The CL values were highly correlated with their SC counts in milk from both groups. LF concentrations increased toward day 3 after B. breve-infusion and were higher in cows with mastitis. B. breve-infusion eliminated 16.6% (1/6) of pathogens from 6 quarters with chronic subclinical mastitis. B. breve-induced SC responses in quarters from 3 cows with mastitis showed characteristic patterns of recovery, persistent and new infections. B. breve-induced SC counts in quarters from the cows in the pre-drying off were lower (25.7–70.6%) than those of the cows in mid-lactation. The intrinsic innate immune response in cows on pre-drying off may be decreased and appears to be insufficient to eliminate pathogens from mammary gland in the pre-drying off.     

恢复生态学的理论与研究进展

为了解西江流域广西境内卷口鱼 (Ptychidio jordani) 种群遗传结构及分化程度,采用线粒体Cytb基因序列对西江流域广西境内6个江段的139尾野生卷口鱼的遗传多样性进行了分析。结果显示,线粒体Cytb基因长度为1 053 bp,碱基T、C、A、G的平均含量分别为29.1%、27.7%、29.3%、13.9%,其中A+T (58.4%) 高于C+G (41.6%)。共定义20个单倍型,并聚为2个分支,未观察到明显的地理聚群。6个卷口鱼群体的平均单倍型多样性和平均核苷酸多样性分别为0.7682、0.0023,其中红水河群体 (单倍型多样性h=0.748 7,核苷酸多样性π=0.003 3) 遗传多样性最高,柳江群体 (h=0.274 4, π=0.000 4) 和左江群体 (h=0.3747, π=0.000 3) 的遗传多样性相对较低。卷口鱼总体的遗传分化指数 (F_ST) 为0.461 4 (P<0.01),表现出较大的遗传分化。两两群体间遗传分化结果显示,左江和柳江种群之间的遗传分化程度最大,而柳江和西江之间最小。AMOVA分析表明西江流域的卷口鱼群体遗传变异一半来自群体内 (53.86%),一半来自群体间 (46.14%)。中性检验 (Tajima's D=−1.082 8, P>0.05;Fu's Fs=−6.572 5, 0.01<P<0.05) 与碱基错配分布分析表明西江流域卷口鱼种群大约在0.07~0.187 Ma经历了种群扩张。综上,西江流域广西境内的卷口鱼柳江群体和左江群体遗传多样性较低,总群体分化程度较大,但仍属于一个种群,其中空间距离与地理阻隔对卷口鱼的遗传分化具有一定的促进作用。