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51.
Ahmad Maryudi Ani A. Nawir Dewi A. Sekartaji Purnomo Sumardamto Ris H. Purwanto Ronggo Sadono Priyono Suryanto Emma Soraya Djoko Soeprijadi Agus Affianto Rohman Rohman Slamet Riyanto 《Small-Scale Forestry》2017,16(1):119-131
Smallholder timber plantations may offer opportunities for farmers to increase their income. Nonetheless, such opportunities are often lost largely due to unfavorable regulations imposed on harvesting and marketing of timber. Adverse impacts are worsened because the regulations are not effectively communicated to smallholder farmers. We assessed the level of smallholder knowledge of existing regulations and found it very low. In part, this correlated to their socio-demographic characteristics. Poor literacy skills and a low level of education make it difficult for older farmers’ to increase their knowledge. This is compounded by the limited information channels that can reach the farmers. Improving smallholders’ knowledge by providing information concerning markets and regulations in a timely and clear manner could help smallholders exercise coping strategies and priorities when selling their timber that would in turn reduce the negative impacts of regulations. The roles of village authorities could be crucial. They are close to the smallholders and could channel the information. The government could provide training and incentives for them to be more active in communicating the regulations to the smallholders. 相似文献
52.
R. C. Payne D. E. Ward Murthala Usman Agus Rusli Deddy Djauhari Amir Husein 《Preventive veterinary medicine》1988,6(4):275-283
A limited seroepidemiological investigation was conducted in Aceh Province to determine the seroprevalence of Anaplasma marginale and Trypanosoma evansi in indigenous cattle and in groups of Sahiwal cross cattle imported from New Zealand in 1985. The results obtained suggest that these parasites are endemic in the areas surveyed; in local cattle, overall prevalence rates of 82% for A. marginale and 61% for T. evansi were obtained.
Thin blood smears were prepared from 42 anaemic adult cattle and 19 clinically normal calves. Babesia bigemina was detected in 5 blood smears and Theileria orientalis in 51. Sahiwal cattle imported from New Zealand suffered high mortalities during their first year in Aceh and it is suggested that imported naive cattle rapidly become infected with blood parasites. 相似文献
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54.
Background: The rapid gain in lean mass in neonates requires greater rates of protein synthesis than degradation. We previously delineated the molecular mechanisms by which insulin and amino acids, especially leucine, modulate skeletal muscle protein synthesis and how this changes with development. In the current study, we identified mechanisms involved in protein degradation regulation. In experiment 1,6- and 26-d-old pigs were studied during 1) euinsulinemic-euglycemic-euaminoacidemic, 2) euinsulinemic-euglycemiohyperaminoacidemic, and 3) hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic-euaminoacidemic clamps for 2 h. In experiment 2, 5-d-old pigs were studied during 1) euinsulinemic-euglycemic-euaminoacidemic-euleucinemic, 2) euinsulinemic-euglycemic-hypoaminoacidemic- hyperleucinemic, and 3) euinsulinemic-euglycemic-euaminoacidemic-hyperleucinemic clamps for 24 h. We determined in muscle indices of ubiquitin-proteasome, i.e., atrogin-1 (MAFbx) and muscle RING-finger protein-1 (MuRF1) and autophagy-lysosome systems, i.e., unc51-1ike kinase 1 (UKL1), microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 (Lamp-2). For comparison, we measured ribosomal protein 56 (rpS6) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (elF4E) activation, components of translation initiation. Results: Abundance of atrogin-1, but not MuRF1, was greater in 26- than 6-d-old pigs and was not affected by insulin, amino acids, or leucine. Abundance of ULK1 and LC3 was higher in younger pigs and not affected by treatment. The LC3-11/LC3-1 ratio was reduced and ULK1 phosphorylation increased by insulin, amino acids, and leucine. These responses were more profound in younger pigs. Abundance of Lamp-2 was not affected by treatment or development. Abundance of elF4E, but not rpS6, was higher in 6- than 26-d-old-pigs but unaffected by treatment. Phosphorylation of elF4E was not affected by treatment, however, insulin, amino acids, and leucine stimulated rpS6 phosphorylation, and the response 相似文献
55.
F. Agus I. Irawan H. Suganda W. Wahyunto A. Setiyanto M. Kundarto 《Paddy and Water Environment》2006,4(4):181-188
Industrial and urban developments in Indonesia focus on the economic merits, but neglect agricultural services that, when disappear, will destabilize the environmental and livelihood systems. A series of 5-year study has evaluated various aspects of multifunctionality and implications of paddy field conversion on the disappearance of multifunctionality. Soil loss from a series of 18 terraced paddy fields in central Java is negligible. Only a few terraces located along the streams directly caused sedimentation. The functions of flood mitigation, water-resource conservation, erosion reduction, organic waste disposal, heat mitigation, and rural amenity of paddy fields in Citarum watershed in West Java were significant. The ‘replacement costs’ of such functions was about 51% ($92.67 million yr−1) of the total price of rice of $181.34 million yr−1 produced in the 156,000 ha paddy field. This amount could be considered as free services by the farmers to the society. However, because of society's negligence and unawareness, conversion has been accelerating while development of new paddy fields has been decelerating in the last few years. Low and fluctuating price of agricultural products, unavailability or non-affordability of agricultural supplies and inaccessibility to market are among the major disincentives faced by farmers. Because of appreciable multifunctionality they produce, farmers deserve various incentives for the sake of environmental sustainability and other services. 相似文献