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901.
A new dynamic model of the infection of apple leaves by Venturia inaequalis is described. The model begins with the release of spores by rain and incorporates the effect of light on the discharge of ascospores from pseudothecia. The model then simulates infection through the sub-processes of germination, appressorium formation and penetration, separately for ascospores and conidia landed concurrently on wet leaves. The rate of the infection process is determined using different equations for ascospores and conidia. Spore mortality when leaves dry is determined by the stage of infection and RH in the dry period. The infection process is driven by surface wetness, temperature and RH. The progress of each infection period is measured as infection efficiency (IE), namely the percentage of landed spores which have penetrated and thereby infected leaves. The final IE quantifies the favourability of weather in each infection period. In orchard tests in each of three years, the new model detected crucial infection periods in spring and early summer which accounted for outbreaks of leaf scab. These periods were not detected by a static model based on Mills'criteria. The models performed similarly in detecting infection periods later in summer. 相似文献
902.
S. Sabanadzovic D. Boscia P. Saldarelli G. P. Martelli R. Lafortezza R. Koenig 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1995,101(2):171-182
A virus for which the name of pothos latent virus (PoLV) is proposed, was isolated by inoculation of sap from symptomless plants ofScindapsus aureus. PoLV had isometric particlesc. 30 nm in diameter, a monopartite genome consisting of a non polyadenylated, single-stranded RNA moleculec. 4,300 nucleotides in length, constitutingc. 17% of the particle weight, and a single type of coat protein subunit with aM
r
ofc. 40,000 Daltons. The biological properties (host range reactions) of PoLV resembled those ofTombusviridae for it infected most of the artificial hosts locally, inducing symptoms recalling those elicited by several species of the above family. Like tombus- and carmoviruses, PoLV had two subgenomic RNAs which, however, differed in size from those of both genera. The dsRNA pattern was also distinctly different. Cytopathological features recalled those of tombusviruses except for the lack of multivesicular inclusion bodies. PoLV was serologically related to, but distinct from twoCarmovirus (i.e., galinsoga mosaic and Ahlum waterborne viruses) and threeTombusvirus species (i.e. eggplant mottled crinkle, Sikte waterborne and Lato river viruses). Thus, PoLV had properties somewhat intermediate between those ofTombusvirus andCarmovirus genera but bridged the two taxa through the serological relationship with some of their species. The taxonomic position of PoLV is still undetermined. It must await the results of molecular investigations now underway. 相似文献
903.
904.
D Loddo D Bozic I M Calha J Dorado J Izquierdo M epanovi K Bari S Carlesi R Leskovsek D Peterson V P Vasileiadis A Veres S Vrbni
anin R Masin 《Weed Research》2019,59(1):15-27
Abutilon theophrasti is a weed that is spreading worldwide and that has had to adapt to different combinations of environmental conditions. Wide interpopulation variability has been reported regarding dormancy and germination. This variability, controlled by the interaction of genetic diversity and maternal effect, could hinder the adoption of Integrated Weed Management (IWM) tools. A collaborative project was conducted to compare emergence dynamics of 12 European and North American populations under diverse environmental conditions. The main aim was to assess interpopulation variability and explain this according to environmental conditions in the seed collection sites. Seeds were sown at six experimental sites, and seedling emergence was monitored. The AlertInf model was tested to evaluate its ability to predict emergence dynamics of the different populations. A wide interpopulation variability was observed for emergence percentage and dynamics with consistent trends across sites and related to different seed dormancy levels. Populations from Catalonia, Iowa and Minnesota reached higher emergence percentage with earlier and concentrated emergence flushes probably due to low dormancy level, while populations from Croatia, Serbia and Hungary, given their low average emergence percentage, presented high dormancy levels. Good predictive accuracy of AlertInf model was obtained at the different sites, confirming the possibility of adopting it across a wide range of environmental conditions. Achieving a better knowledge of interpopulation variability can allow specific control strategies to be designed, facilitating the replacement of solely herbicide‐based management with true IWM. 相似文献
905.
Mitchell D Stamm Tiffany M Heng‐Moss Frederick P Baxendale Blair D Siegfried Roch E Gaussoin Daniel D Snow David A Cassada 《Pest management science》2013,69(2):285-291
BACKGROUND: Neonicotinoid insecticides are generally efficacious against many turfgrass pests, including several important phloem‐feeding insects. However, inconsistencies in control of western chinch bugs, Blissus occiduus, have been documented in field efficacy studies. This research investigated the efficacy of three neonicotinoid insecticides (clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) against B. occiduus in buffalograss under field conditions and detected statistically significant differences in B. occiduus numbers among treatments. A subsequent study documented the relative quantity and degradation rate of these insecticides in buffalograss systemic leaf tissues, using HPLC. RESULTS: Neonicotinoid insecticides initially provided significant reductions in B. occiduus numbers, but mortality diminished over the course of the field studies. Furthermore, while all three neonicotinoids were present in the assayed buffalograss leaf tissues, imidacloprid concentrations were significantly higher than those of clothianidin and thiamethoxam. Over the course of the 28 day study, thiamethoxam concentrations declined 700‐fold, whereas imidacloprid and clothianidin declined only 70‐fold and 60‐fold respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Field studies continued to verify inconsistencies in B. occiduus control with neonicotinoid insecticides. This is the first study to document the relative concentrations of topically applied neonicotinoid insecticides in buffalograss systemic leaf tissues. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
906.
Stephen D. Bryant 《Pest management science》1995,45(3):257-262
The procedure described utilized a microbial monitoring system (bactometer) to measure impedimetrically the inhibitory activity of known antifungal compounds (2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole [TCMTB], 3-iodo-2-propynylbutyl carbamate [IPBC], chlorothalonil, tebuconazole, and copper-8-quinolinolate [Cu-8]) on growth of Aspergillus niger Teigh. in a liquid medium. The MIC values determined were based on the activity of the compounds to inhibit a change in the capacitance of the medium during a 96-h period after inoculation. The MIC values obtained with the bactometer were compared with MIC values derived from the inhibition of radial growth of A. niger on the same liquid medium solidified with agar. The MIC values for all the compounds tested were substantially lower when determined with the bactometer than on agar. The impedimetric evaluation of compounds for antifungal activity offers advantages of speed, sensitivity, and data collection. 相似文献
907.
C. P. Musoli F. Pinard A. Charrier A. Kangire G. M. ten Hoopen C. Kabole J. Ogwang D. Bieysse C. Cilas 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2008,122(4):451-460
Coffee wilt disease (CWD) caused by Fusarium xylarioides, considered to be a soil-inhabiting fungus, is endemic in several African countries, affecting commercially important coffee
species and causing serious economic losses. Coffee wilt disease development in naturally infected Coffea canephora fields at the Coffee Research Institute in Uganda was assessed from April 2001 to March 2006 to generate information about
temporal and spatial spread of the disease. Maps of diseased trees were also generated from the data. Semi-variance analysis
was performed on the data to show the spatio-temporal structure of disease. Host influence on the spatio-temporal structure
was deduced from the distribution pattern of diseased and healthy trees and analysis of variance. Results show that the temporal
disease epidemic progress was slow. The disease was found to spread from initial infections to healthy neighbouring trees,
resulting in an aggregated pattern. An infected tree could infect up to three healthy trees away, in any direction. Disease
foci formed and expanded with time, coalescing but punctuated in spots planted with resistant hosts. There were varying levels
of susceptibility among host genotypes, affecting the rates and levels of epidemic development. The implications of the findings
to the control of CWD are discussed. 相似文献
908.
909.
J.A. Clement D.W. Parry 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1998,104(4):323-330
Fungal colonisation of winter wheat cv. Cadenza by Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum and Microdochium nivale was studied under conditions designed to avoid the splash dispersal of conidia from infested compost, to evaluate the possibility that systemic growth may transfer infection from the stem-base to the head. At decimal growth stages 33, 59, 77–87 and 95 the extent of fungal growth was assessed using a sample of 72 plants, by the recovery of fungal species from the stem-base, from each node and from the ear. Each of the fungi was recovered from stem tissues above soil level in some, apparently symptomless, plants. Symptoms of Fusarium foot rot were seen in an increasing proportion of plants during grain-fill and desiccation. There was an inverse relationship between recovery and the height above stem-base from which the stem tissue was excised. F. culmorum was the most frequently isolated fungus and it was also recovered from the highest position in plants. Only 3% of plants were colonised above the second node and none of the fungal species were recovered from either the fifth node or the ear. This suggests that colonisation and systemic growth from Fusarium infested compost is unlikely to contribute to the development of ear blight symptoms in winter wheat. 相似文献
910.
Sugar concentration in nectar: a quantitative metric of crop attractiveness for refined pollinator risk assessments 下载免费PDF全文
Loren D Knopper Tereza Dan Dominic D Reisig Josephine D Johnson Lisa M Bowers 《Pest management science》2016,72(10):1807-1812
Those involved with pollinator risk assessment know that agricultural crops vary in attractiveness to bees. Intuitively, this means that exposure to agricultural pesticides is likely greatest for attractive plants and lowest for unattractive plants. While crop attractiveness in the risk assessment process has been qualitatively remarked on by some authorities, absent is direction on how to refine the process with quantitative metrics of attractiveness. At a high level, attractiveness of crops to bees appears to depend on several key variables, including but not limited to: floral, olfactory, visual and tactile cues; seasonal availability; physical and behavioral characteristics of the bee; plant and nectar rewards. Notwithstanding the complexities and interactions among these variables, sugar content in nectar stands out as a suitable quantitative metric by which to refine pollinator risk assessments for attractiveness. Provided herein is a proposed way to use sugar nectar concentration to adjust the exposure parameter (with what is called a crop attractiveness factor) in the calculation of risk quotients in order to derive crop‐specific tier I assessments. This Perspective is meant to invite discussion on incorporating such changes in the risk assessment process. © 2016 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. 相似文献