EGR与富氢进气对柴油机性能和排放的影响

试验研究了利用EGR加富氢进气改善ZS195型柴油机性能和排放的可行性,在标定转速下试验研究了不同EGR率、掺氢率对ZS195型柴油机工作过程、排放和经济特性的影响.研究结果表明:在高负荷工况,当EGR率一定时,随着掺氢率的增加,缸内峰值压力和压力升高率峰值增加.EGR加富氢进气可以降低HC、CO排放量和烟度,但NO_x排放量有所增加.ZS195型柴油机采用EGR技术后,富氢进气会提高缸内混合气的燃烧速度,改善缸内燃烧质量,发动机的热效率有所增加.     

糙米二次加湿调质工艺优化与试验

为解决干燥后储藏的低含水率稻谷碾米加工时存在整精米率低且能耗高以及单次加湿又无法满足加湿目标的问题,以糙米(含水率12%)为原料,研究二次加湿调质工艺中单次加湿量、润糙温度及润糙间隔时间对整精米率的影响规律.在单因素试验的基础上,采用二次旋转组合设计方法,用SAS软件处理试验数据,并进行验证试验.结果表明,在单次加湿量为1.56%、润糙温度为29.6℃、润糙间隔时间为64.6 min的条件下,整精米率提高15.42%,碾米能耗降低26.86%.     

不同风沙土含水量因子的抗风蚀性

土地荒漠化是当今世界环境、社会和经济所面临的一个最大问题。它是以风沙活动为主要标志，包括土壤风蚀、风沙流、风沙沉积和沙丘前移的一系列过程，其中土壤风蚀是导致土地沙漠化的主要原因和首要环节。我国是世界上受沙漠化影响最严重的国家之一。全国沙漠、戈壁和沙漠化土地约为165．3万km^2，分布在干旱、半干旱地区以及部分半湿润地区。     

Evolution of soil chemical properties in the past 50 years in the Tai Lake Region, China

The Tai Lake Region (TLR) is traditionally an ecologically sustainable agricultural area due to the intensive application of traditional organic fertilizer. However in the past 50 years, agricultural management practices such as fertilizer usage and cropping systems changed this situation. In order to investigate how these changes affected soil chemical properties and ultimately the sustainability of agriculture production, a case study was conducted in Taicang County in the TLR. It was found that soil organic carbon (SOC) content significantly decreased from 22.8 g kg⁻¹ in 1959 to 12.9 g kg⁻¹ in 1981 while soil total nitrogen (TN) increased significantly from 1.2 g kg⁻¹ in 1959 to 1.6 g kg⁻¹ in 1981 due to the application of mineral fertilizer especially N fertilizer nearly entirely replacing of traditional organic fertilizer, and then both slightly increased to 14.0 g kg⁻¹ and 1.7 g kg⁻¹, respectively in 2004. Soil total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), and available K (AK) contents showed little changes from 1981 to 2004 but soil available P (AP) content increased significantly from 7 mg kg⁻¹ in 1981 to 26 mg kg⁻¹ in 2004. The changes of soil properties from 1959 to 1981 were attributed to the changes of fertilizer usage and the changes of soil properties from 1981 to 2004 were attributed to the changes of cropping systems and fertilizer application, particularly vegetable production which resulted in the significant changes of fertilizer usage.     

Spatial pattern and heterogeneity of soil properties in sand dunes under grazing and restoration in Horqin Sandy Land, Northern China

Applying a combination of classical and geostatistical methods, we identified soil properties and their spatial variation in a 5-year grazed sand dune (GSD5) and a 20-year recovered sand dune (RSD20) in Horqin Sandy Land, northern China. The paper assesses the effect of grazing, topography and vegetation restoration on spatial heterogeneity of soil properties. The results showed that soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, very fine sand (0.1–0.05 mm) content and their coefficients of variation were lower in GSD5 than in RSD20, while soil water contents (0–20 cm and 20–40 cm depths) were higher in GSD5 than in RSD20. Geostatistical analysis revealed that the spatial structured variance accounted for the largest proportion of total sample variance in soil properties at the measured scale under grazing and restoration. The spatial autocorrelation ranges were 66.30 m for soil organic carbon and 50.80 m for total nitrogen in GSD5 less than those in RSD20 (70.00 m and 76.10 m, respectively), while the spatial autocorrelation ranges of soil particle size fractions and soil water contents in RSD20 were less than those in GSD5. Kriging-interpolated maps also showed that the heterogeneity of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen and their degree of patch fragmentation were higher in GSD5 than in RSD20. These results suggested that continuous grazing resulted in an increase in spatial variability of soil nutrient and a decrease in spatial variability of soil particle size fractions and soil water content. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen of sand dunes are associated closely with soil particle size fractions, relative height of sampling site and vegetation cover. Spatial patterns of soil properties are most strongly related to grazing, topography and plant-induced heterogeneity in sand dune ecosystems prone to wind erosion.     

热压凝胶法制备营养质构米及其营养性质研究

为弥补食用精白米导致营养不良的状况,以大米加工过程中产生的碎米作为原料和载体,产生的米糠作为天然营养强化剂,采取热压凝胶法制备营养质构米。在预试验的基础上,采用响应面法考察热压凝胶过程条件包括喂料含水率,螺杆转速,5个加热区机筒温度对营养质构米的质构和营养特性的影响,得出制备最佳工艺条件:当喂料转速为30r/min,米糠添加量为4%,物料含水率为30%,螺杆转速为17.7r/min,5个区机筒温度分别为50,65,85,100,95～97℃。在此条件下制备的营养质构米含有质量分数总膳食纤维11.44%,蛋白质11.62%,脂肪6.49%,而维生素为B12.07μg/g,维生素B20.31μg/g和γ-谷维素12.04mg/100g。相比于天然精白米,质构特性相近,但维生素B1,维生素B2,γ-谷维素分别增加了1.17,0.06,5.83μg/g,为营养质构米工业化生产提供参考。     

Effects of spraying rare earths on contents of rare Earth elements and effective components in tea

Rare earth (RE) fertilizer is widely applied in China to increase the yield and the quality of crops including tea. However, the effects of spraying RE fertilizer on the contents of rare earth elements (REE) and effective components in tea are unknown. The results from basin and field experiments show that the values of the REE concentrations in new shoots of tea plants and the concentration of REE in the soil (REE/REEs) either from control basins or from treatment basins were smaller than those in other parts of tea plant and similar between control and treatment. The longer the interval between spraying RE fertilizer and picking the shoots of tea plants, the less the effects from spraying. About 80% summation operator REE (the sum of the concentrations of 15 REE) in tea, whether it came from spraying or not, was insoluble in the infusion. About 10% the soluble REE of summation operator REE in tea infusion was bound to polysaccharide, and the amount of REE bound polysaccharide decreased over time. At least a 25 day safety interval is needed between spraying and picking if the microelement fertilizer is used, in order to enhance tea output and to ensure tea safety.     

路面不平度对车辆制动过程中轮胎动态性能影响的仿真分析

采用作者建立的非线性时变轮胎模型,仿真分析了路面不平度幅值及路面空间频率变化对地面附着性能的影响。得出路面不平度增大时,使路面对车轮的附着能力下降,因而使制动距离增长的结论。同时说明非线性时变轮胎模型能较真实地体现路面不平度的影响,对不平路面上车辆制动性能仿真是一个有效的轮胎力学模型     

Components and activity of polysaccharides from coarse tea

Coarse tea contained a high content of polysaccharide complex. Composed of polysaccharide and protein, the polysaccharide complex from tea (TPS) belonged to glycoprotein with the molecular weight () of (10.7-11.0) x 10(4). When mice (7 weeks old, C57BL/8) were injected with TPS, the levels of blood glucose (BG) in normal mice and model mice with high BG were decreased significantly by averages of 13.54 and 22.18%, respectively. The antibody concentration (OD(413 nm)) in the mice injected with 2.4 mg/mL TPS was increased evidently by 44.93% (p < 0.01). TPS treatment was beneficial not only for the subsequent production of interleukin (IL) 2 in spleen cells of adjuvant arthritis (AA) rats but also because it prohibited the body from producing too much IL-1 in AA rats. Treatment of diabetes with coarse tea in both China and Japan may be related to TPS and the content of TPS in coarse tea.     

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on the microstructure and ultrastructure of tomato leaves (Solanum lycopersicum)

This study aims to evaluate the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on tomato leaves at the microscale in order to propose new methods to detect N and P conditions of plants. N and P solutions composed of three N levels (N0.25, 1.75; N1, 7; and N1.5, 10.5 mmol L^?1) and three P levels (P0.25, 0.17; P1, 0.67; and P1.5, 1.01 mmol L^?1) with ten replications. Results showed a significant decrease in the leaf thickness among plants treated with N0.25, N1.5N and P0.25, whereas showed an increase among plants treated with P1.5 (p < 0.05). Stomatal density was reduced in P0.25- and N0.25-treated plants, whereas increased in N1.5- and P1.5-treated plants (p < 0.05). Moreover, N0.25-treated plants showed reduced trichome density, whereas N1.5-treated plants exhibited the highestamount of trichome density (p < 0.05). The densest veins occurred in the leaves of P1.5P-treated plants, then density reduced in plants with N1.5, N1P1, N0.25, P0.25 treatments, in a decreasing order (p < 0.05).