苹果品种抗寒性测定方法的研究

采用电导法、恢复生长法、组织褐变法及Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ方程法对部分苹果品种进行了测定。提 出了以电解质渗出率 ４０％相对应的温度为枝条组织的临界致死温度（Ｃ． Ｌ． Ｌ．Ｔ）;通过组织褐变法 求得褐变温度（Ｂｒｏｗｎｉｎｇ Ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ,Ｂ．Ｔ．）;应用Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ方程求出拐点温度,即半致死温度（ＬＴ_(５０)）; 通过恢复生长法观察了各种处理温度下的萌芽率。综合以上测定结果,以ＩＢＰＧＲ分类标准为基础 将参试品种分为５级,列出了供试品种抗寒力的相对强弱顺序,并对抗寒性作了综合评价。     

宽行窄幅错位密播种植方式对夏玉米光合特性及产量的影响

以登海618为试材,常规等行距种植方式为对照,设置不同种植密度、宽窄行种植、行间错位,比较研究宽行窄幅错位密播种植方式对夏玉米光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,宽行窄幅错位密播种植方式下夏玉米叶面积指数和群体干物质积累量随着种植密度的增加而增加,叶片净光合速率逐渐降低;与对照相比,密度为86 625、101 055株/hm~2时叶片后期衰老缓慢,维持较高净光合速率的时间较长,花后群体干物质积累较多,各器官干物质运转率和对子粒贡献率较高。Richards模型解析表明,宽行窄幅错位密播种植方式下密度为86 625、101 055株/hm~2时达最大灌浆速率的时间较早,起始势和最大灌浆速率较高,子粒灌浆活跃期和灌浆速率最大时的生长量均偏低,植株空秆率较低,分别比对照显著增产5.61%、12.29%。密度为101 055株/hm~2时穗长、穗粗、行粒数、百粒重、穗粒重均比对照偏低,较高的有效收获穗数足以弥补劣势,使子粒获得高产。     

Effect of nitrogen root zone fertilization on rice yield,uptake and utilization of macronutrient in lower reaches of Yangtze River,China

Improper application of nitrogen (N) has led to high N losses and low N use efficiency in the lower reaches of Yangtze River in China. An effective method to solve such problems is the deep fertilized N in root zone (RZF). Limited information is available on the effect of RZF on the uptake of macronutrients (N, P and K) and rice yield. Field experiments, conducted from 2014 to 2015, compared the farmer fertilizer practice (FFP, with 225 kg ha^?1 of N, split into three doses) and RZF using the same rate but placing N 5 cm away from rice roots in holes 10 cm deep (RZF10) or 5 cm deep (RZF5) as a single application. The highest mean yield (10.0 t ha^?1) was obtained in RZF10, which was 19.5% more than that in FFP. Root zone fertilization of urea (whether 10 cm deep or 5 cm deep) resulted in greater accumulation of N, P and K in stem, leaf sheaths, leaf blades and grains compared to that in FFP in sandy and in loam soils. The uptake of N, P and K was the highest in RZF10 (average at 176.7, 66.2 and 179.1 kg ha^?1, respectively), higher than that in FFP by 45.0, 17.0 and 22.6%, respectively. N apparent recovery efficiency was markedly higher in RZF10 (53.1%) than in FFP (27.5%). RZF10 significantly increased the N, P, K uptake compared with FFP under different N rates in both sandy and loam soils. These results suggest that the N, P and K input amount should be re-determined under RZF.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">OsLAP6/OsPKS1</Emphasis>, an orthologue of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis PKSA/LAP6</Emphasis>, is critical for proper pollen exine formation

Background

Male fertility is crucial for rice yield, and the improvement of rice yield requires hybrid production that depends on male sterile lines. Although recent studies have revealed several important genes in male reproductive development, our understanding of the mechanisms of rice pollen development remains unclear.

Results

We identified a rice mutant oslap6 with complete male sterile phenotype caused by defects in pollen exine formation. By using the MutMap method, we found that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation located in the second exon of OsLAP6/OsPKS1 was responsible for the mutant phenotype. OsLAP6/OsPKS1 is an orthologous gene of Arabidopsis PKSA/LAP6, which functions in sporopollenin metabolism. Several other loss-of-function mutants of OsLAP6/OsPKS1 generated by the CRISPR/Cas9 genomic editing tool also exhibited the same phenotype of male sterility. Our cellular analysis suggested that OsLAP6/OsPKS1 might regulate pollen exine formation by affecting bacula elongation. Expression examination indicated that OsLAP6/OsPKS1 is specifically expressed in tapetum, and its product is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Protein sequence analysis indicated that OsLAP6/OsPKS1 is conserved in land plants.

Conclusions

OsLAP6/OsPKS1 is a critical molecular switch for rice male fertility by participating in a conserved sporopollenin precursor biosynthetic pathway in land plants. Manipulation of OsLAP6/OsPKS1 has potential for application in hybrid rice breeding.

     

Conferring resistance to pre-harvest sprouting in durum wheat by a QTL identified in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum spelta</Emphasis>

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) causes significant yield loss and degrade the end-use quality of wheat, especially in regions with prolonged wet weather during the harvesting season. Unfortunately, the gene pool of Triticum durum (tetraploid durum wheat) has narrow genetic base for PHS resistance. Therefore, finding out new genetic resources from other wheat species to develop PHS resistance in durum wheat is of importance. A major PHS resistance QTL, Qphs.sicau-3B.1, was mapped on chromosome 3BL in a recombinant inbred line population derived from ‘CSCR6’ (Triticum spelta), a PHS resistant hexaploid wheat and ‘Lang’, a PHS susceptible Australian hexaploid wheat cultivar. This QTL, Qphs.sicau-3B.1, is positioned between DArT marker wPt-3107 and wPt-6785. Two SCAR markers (Ph3B.1 and Ph3B.2) were developed to track this major QTL and were used to assay a BC₂F₈ tetraploid population derived from a cross between the durum wheat ‘Bellaroi’ (PHS susceptible) and ‘CSCR6’ (PHS resistant). Phenotypic assay and marker-assisted selection revealed five stable tetraploid lines were highly PHS resistant. This study has successfully established that PHS-resistance QTL from hexaploid wheat could be efficiently introgressed into tetraploid durum wheat. This tetraploid wheat germplasm could be useful in developing PHS resistant durum cultivars with higher yield and good end-use quality.     

散叶莴苣灰霉病药剂筛选试验

为筛选出散叶莴苣灰霉病防治药剂,本文进行了10%多抗霉素可湿性粉剂、45%异菌腺悬浮剂、20%丁子香酚水乳剂、50%啜酰菌胺水分散粒剂不同浓度对散叶莴苣的田间药效试验。结果表明,于莴苣灰霉病发生初期连续防治2次,药后7、14d45%异菌腺悬浮剂、50%喘酰菌胺水分散粒剂效果表现优越,最终病指防效均达80%以上,且对莴苣生长安全,无残留。     

精准施药中叶面积指数探测研究

精准施药技术的研究以提高农药的利用率为目的,是精准施药的发展方向。果树叶面积指数能为精准施药提供重要参考依据,通过叶面积指数及生物量探测可以进行大面积果树的长势监测并计算其药量的需求,进而对作物进行指导性施药。为此,结合国内外研究现状阐述了各类叶面积指数探测技术和计算方法,分析了精准施药技术中靶标探测的方法及叶面积指数探测在精准施药中的应用,并对精准变量施药中叶面积指数探测方法进行了展望。     

甘蔗叶粉碎深埋还田机单边平底开沟装置的设计

针对南方甘蔗产区开展实施的甘蔗叶粉碎深埋技术,研制了一种甘蔗叶粉碎深埋还田机。本文重点设计了机具的单边平底开沟装置以适合南方砖红壤的条件要求,确定了开沟装置的结构参数;并通过扭柱型犁体曲面设计,增强了翻土和碎土能力。田间试验表明:甘蔗叶粉碎深埋还田机通过性良好;开沟装置开沟平均深度为39.95cm,底部宽度为25.03cm,上底宽为49.85cm,回土深度为11cm,开沟性能良好,工作可靠,能够满足甘蔗叶深埋技术要求。     

3XSP-1型橡胶施肥机测试与效果评价

3XSP-1型橡胶施肥机针对橡胶中耕管理过程中施肥主要依赖人畜作业,或大中型轮式拖拉机、履带式拖拉机配套的开沟机辅助用工多、工效低、作业成本高,且适用性不强等技术现状而研制,采用单行作业模式,通过刮板式施肥结构,将施肥桶中的橡胶专用肥经排肥系统施撒于施肥沟内,一次可完成开沟、施肥、覆土联合作业。经测试:该施肥机匹配66.18 kW(90马力)拖拉机,生产率达1.23 hm~2/h,油耗3.1 kg/hm~2,施肥均匀度90%以上,覆盖率达98%,可有效替代人工或半机械化作业,提高生产效率并降低成本。     

滴度及注射方式对2型腺相关病毒载体表达效果的影响

由于腺相关病毒载体(adeno-associated viral vector,AAV)本身的侵染不具有神经元特异性,其在神经系统相关研究中会存在侵染范围不符合试验要求的情况,因此本试验拟研究不同滴度和注射方式对病毒侵染范围的影响.结果显示,在注射较高滴度的AAV2-CMV-EGFP(1.3×101 mg/L)3周后,...