The impact of increasing farm size and mechanization on rural income and rice production in Zhejiang province,China

Economic growth in China’s agricultural sector lags behind growth in industry and services, creating an ever widening rural–urban income gap. Development of the non-agricultural sectors offers new opportunities for farmers in China’s more advanced provinces such as Zhejiang. Increased income in the urban sector creates markets for new products, and migrating farmers rent their land to those staying. Until now, the prevailing rice-based systems have been managed mainly using manual labour and animal traction, but the larger farms resulting from migration may facilitate, or even require mechanization. In this study, we use a simulation model of the farm household to analyse the effects of increasing farm size and the transition from rice to vegetable production, while also studying the effects of mechanization.     

小型多用途燃油燃烧器的研制

介绍了小型多用途燃油燃烧器的结构和工作原理，提出了燃烧器系统设计的方法。步骤，并进行了样机的试验，试验结果表明，按所述方法设计并试制的燃烧器具有热效率高，排放低，工作稳定等特点。     

“WaterMan”: an on-farm water management game with heuristic capabilities

A modern computer-based simulation tool (WaterMan) in the form of a game for on-farm water management was developed for application in training events for farmers, students, and irrigators. The WaterMan game utilizes an interactive framework, thereby allowing the user to develop scenarios and test alternatives in a convenient, risk-free environment. It includes a comprehensive soil water and salt balance calculation algorithm. It also employs heuristic capabilities for modeling all of the important aspects of on-farm water management, and to provide quantitative performance evaluations and practical water management advice to the trainees. Random events (both favorable and unfavorable) and different strategic decisions are included in the game for more realism and to provide an appropriate level of challenge according to player performance. Thus, the ability to anticipate the player skill level, and to reply with random events appropriate to the anticipated level, is provided by the heuristic capabilities used in the software. These heuristic features were developed based on a combination of two artificial intelligence approaches: (1) a pattern recognition approach and (2) reinforcement learning based on a Markov decision processes approach, specifically the Q-learning method. These two approaches were combined in a new way to account for the difference in the effect of actions taken by the player and action taken by the system in the game world. The reward function for the Q-learning method was modified to reflect the suggested classification of the WaterMan game as what is referred to as a partially competitive and partially cooperative game.     

基于Landsat数据的条件植被温度指数升尺度转换方法

以陕西省关中平原为研究区域,应用点扩散函数、混合像素面积权重法和中值像素变异权重法将基于Landsat卫星遥感数据反演的分辨率为30 m的条件植被温度指数(VTCI)干旱监测结果上推至930 m的干旱监测结果,并与Aqua MODIS数据反演的分辨率为930 m的VTCI干旱监测结果进行对比分析,以期为两种空间尺度的干旱监测结果的综合应用提供技术支持。以MODIS数据反演的VTCI为参考,应用相关系数、均方根误差、半变异函数的估计值和图像纹理特征等对尺度上推的VTCI进行评价。结果表明,点扩散函数和混合像素面积权重法的尺度上推效果均较好,而中值像素变异权重法的尺度上推效果较差,说明点扩散函数和混合像素面积权重法均适用于研究区域VTCI干旱监测结果的尺度转换,且点扩散函数的数据处理过程更为简单。典型样点VTCI的尺度上推结果表明,空间异质性越小,尺度上推的结果越好。     

水稻秸秆深埋整秆还田装置设计与试验

针对目前我国水稻秸秆还田机械普遍存在的耕作深度浅、秸秆还田深度不满足农艺要求、旋耕部件缠草严重等问题,运用旋耕理论和数值计算分析方法设计了水稻秸秆深埋整秆还田装置。根据实际情况对土壤颗粒进行假设,运用离散元法建立土壤颗粒力学模型,应用EDEM软件进行整秆还田仿真虚拟试验,仿真结果表明,耕深在20 cm时,土壤表层覆盖率为93.87%。通过土槽台架试验得到:在作业速度为1.25 km/h、刀辊转速为237 r/min时,耕深可达到22 cm,地表以下15~20 cm翻埋的秸秆占秸秆总量的80%,秸秆还田率为91.63%,同时刀辊轴不缠草。试验结果表明,秸秆还田深度达到水整地环节的要求,秸秆还田率较高。通过虚拟仿真和台架试验相互验证,证明新型整秆还田装置一次作业可实现切土、碎土、埋草、压草及覆土的功能,满足农艺要求。     

基于模式搜索的轮胎纵向刚度估计方法

提出了一种含有两个参数的轮胎纵向力模型,并通过该模型利用基于模式搜索的最小二乘法对轮胎的纵向刚度和滚动半径进行了动态估计。仿真证明了该算法的可行性。将该算法应用于车辆的实际试验数据,结果证明轮胎的压力与轮胎纵向刚度近似成反比。     

正挤横轧式农用车后桥半轴套管的研究开发

在成功地开发轻型车正挤与横轧式后桥半轴套管的基础上，自主开发了1608型、2310型及2815型农用运输车的正挤与横轧式后桥半轴套管，并实现系列化规模生产，获得了显著的社会经济效益。     

ε-聚赖氨酸对脂环酸芽孢杆菌生长与产物代谢的影响

研究了ε-聚赖氨酸对脂环酸芽孢杆菌属生长及产愈创木酚的影响。以A.acidoterrestris、A.herbarius和A.acidiphilus为研究对象,采用双倍稀释法测定最小抑菌浓度;通过菌落计数和高相液相色谱法检测愈创木酚的含量,评价ε-聚赖氨酸对模拟苹果汁体系中脂环酸芽孢杆菌生长代谢的影响。结果表明:ε-聚赖氨酸能够有效抑制脂环酸芽孢杆菌营养细胞和芽孢的生长,最小抑菌质量浓度为1.25~5 mg/L。当模拟苹果汁中ε-聚赖氨酸的添加量为最小抑菌浓度时,脂环酸芽孢杆菌的菌落数呈下降趋势,减少量为1~2个数量级;愈创木酚的生成量显著降低,质量浓度范围为1.7~4.74 mg/L。当ε-聚赖氨酸添加量增加至最小抑菌浓度的4倍时,菌落数由(5~6)×106个/m L降低至4.6×102个/m L以下,同时,可以完全抑制愈创木酚的产生。因此,ε-聚赖氨酸可以有效控制果汁中脂环酸芽孢杆菌属细菌腐败。     

水肥一体化智能调控设备智能液位开关设计

在对设施蔬菜生产中使用的水肥一体化设备进行智能灌溉控制设计中,监测混肥罐和回液桶中液位高低是非常必要的。现有液位检测普遍采用机械开关式液位浮子,工程实践中发现当进出水口与浮子过近,或者水纹波动显著时,浮子上下剧烈抖动会导致水泵随浮子的抖动而经常启停,对于启动电流较大的泵容易造成损伤。本文在软硬件设计中采用了计数器数字滤波电路以及单片机定时器中断,设计了一种替代简单液位浮子的实用智能液位开关。为了检验该设计的性能,在同等条件下,进行了不同液面、不同压力和水流量的对比试验。试验结果表明,计数脉冲发生电路中充电电阻和放电电阻为4.7 kΩ时,滤波后的输出信号比现场实际的数控信号时间迟延了2.11 s,经数字电路滤波后的输出信号已经完全消除了宽度小于2 s的所有干扰信号,并且具有很高的稳定性。迟延时间与计数电路、计数脉冲发生电路有关,通过电路设计调整滤波脉宽可使输出信号有效地滤除干扰成分。同时,利用该方法也可以根据不同工况,如不同功率的水泵设定不同参数滤除干扰信号,提高智能液位开关适用性。     

汽车内部空气污染状况的研究

车厢内存有大量的有害物质,世界卫生组织已明确将车内空气污染与高血压、艾滋病等共同列为人类健康的10大威胁.本文就车内空气主要污染物的来源、车内空气污染物对人体的危害、车内空气污染的主要影响因素进行了系统的调查分析.并在此基础上提出了车内空气污染的解决措施.