Effect of heterogeneous digesta chemical composition on the accuracy of measurements of fiber flow in dairy cows.

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of unrepresentative sampling of digesta particulate matter entering the omasal canal on the accuracy of fiber flow measurements. The experimental design comprised one period, one diet, and three cows as experimental units. Within each cow, the physical and chemical composition of digesta particulate matter was assessed at seven sites within the digestive tract. Three Finnish Ayshire dairy cows, equipped with ruminal and simple-T duodenal cannulas, in extended lactation were offered grass silage twice daily on an ad libitum basis. Digesta samples were collected from the rumen (dorsal and ventral sac), reticulum, omasal canal, omasum, duodenum, and rectum to determine particle size distribution in digesta, chemical composition of various particle size fractions, and distribution of two flow markers (Cr-labeled straw and indigestible NDF [INDF]) among particle size fractions. Digesta samples were wet-sieved using sieves of 2.50, 1.25, 0.630, 0.315, 0.160, and 0.080 mm. Particulate matter was analyzed for OM, NDF, and Cr concentrations, and INDF concentration was determined based on 12-d ruminal incubation. The particle size of digesta entering the omasal canal was larger compared with the omasum or the duodenum, suggesting that omasal canal samples were not representative of particle size distribution truly escaping the rumen. The concentration of potentially digestible NDF (PDNDF) decreased with decreasing particle size. The PDNDF concentration of particulate matter retained on all sieves was greatest in the rumen and gradually decreased along the digestive tract. From the reticulorumen to the omasum, the decrease was associated with decreased particle size, reflecting selective passage of particulate matter. In contrast, from the omasum to the duodenum and rectum, the PDNDF concentration decreased within each particle size fraction without effect on particle size, indicating a nonselective passage of particulate matter between these sites. Variation between particle size fractions was slightly greater for Cr concentration than for INDF concentration, indicating that unrepresentative sampling of particulate matter had a greater effect on Cr concentration compared with that of INDF. Owing to unrepresentative sampling, NDF entering the omasal canal was overestimated by 5% using INDF and underestimated by 7% using Cr as a particle phase marker. Of total NDF digestibility, proportionally 0.90, 0.07, and 0.03 occurred in the reticulorumen, omasum, and intestines, respectively. The current results indicate that, despite unrepresentative sampling of digesta particulate matter entering the omasal canal, the errors in determined NDF flow were small. The omasum may have a greater role in postruminal NDF digestion than the intestines.     

Laboratory parameters for the control of the course of therapy of canine Cushing's syndrome]

We compared the results of the ACTH stimulation tests with measurements of alkaline phosphatase and serum cholesterol during Lysodren therapy in 23 dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. The ACTH stimulation test proved to be a very sensitive parameter, by which the extent of Lysodren under- or overdosage could be reliably estimated. On the other hand, regulation of the individual Lysodren requirement was not possible by measuring AP and serum cholesterol only. However, it is highly probable that those two parameters can be used to evaluate the general state of metabolism, and they appear to be of prognostic value when greatly elevated.     

NATURAL LANDSCAPES AND STRATEGIES OF REGIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN EBINUR LAKE REGION IN XINJIANG

m0uurn0NTheecologicalintegrityOfallworidisdependedonourcomPrehensi0nandrepetOthestrUctUre,fonchonandchangsOflandscaPe.However,dwtngndalPrachcePr0Cess,theunmpdeveloPmenandmaremadediswtanceusuallycausethetwadationofenvironmenquality,andalsocausethech~soforiginalcharacteriSticsoflandscare.TheObjechveofthisstudyistorebulltaho-.mogeruzelandscapeStrUctUreandanimProvedecologicalenvironnent.Ebinurlakeregion(includeEbinurlake--thesecondlargestlakeinXinjiang)locatesinBortalaMongOliaAutonomousS…     

金针菇品种比较试验

１９９１年１０月至１９９３年７月，笔者用Ｃｏ－２７等１２个菌株做了四批十二次金针菇品种比较试验，菌株Ｃｏ－２７比优良品种三明一号，Ｆ９０８分别增产１４．２６％和１２．３９％，差异显著性测验表明，它们之间的差异均达到了显著程度；Ｃｏ－２６，Ｃｏ－１４，Ｃｏ－２３，Ｃｏ－１５，Ｃｏ－２４，Ｃｏ－１３等菌株与两个对照品种相比，其产量都有不同程度的提高，除Ｃｏ－２５之外，各菌株之间菌丝生长速度没有表现出显     

Cystocentesis in dogs and cats]

The technique of cystocentesis in dogs and cats was studied. The indications and contraindications of this method are discussed, using illustrations.     

柠檬酸废液深层培养双孢蘑菇菌丝蛋白的研究

柠檬酸工业废液中含有一定有效物质,如糖类、蛋白质、矿物质等,可供微生物利用。本文介绍了利用废液深层培养双孢蘑菇菌丝蛋白的可能性及条件。并用1吨发酵堆进行生产试验,探讨了生产工艺条件,分析了发酵液中底物、产物的动态变化。双孢蘑菇菌丝蛋白培养温度25℃,底物 pH6,发酵周期6天,菌球直径1～3mm,菌球数量4.8×10~3个/ml,菌丝温重达底物量的29.3%。在上述条件下,发酵液中菌球直经、菌丝数量、发酵液粘度受生物剪切作用的影响,粘度大,剪切作用大,菌球直径小,菌球数量则多。本文为新型单细胞蛋白的开发,促进物质的多层次利用,消除环境污染,提供了一个新途径。     

Research note: Postnatal development of electrolyte transport in calf rumen as affected by weaning time.

In a previous study we found a positive correlation between early weaning in calves and morphological parameters which were indicative of ruminal development, i.e. the length and width of the papillae. The objective of the present study was to determine to what extent this observation could be reflected by modulations of absorptive and secretory functions of the rumen mucosa. For this purpose the short-circuit currents (Isc) as a measure of electrogenic net ion fluxes and the transepithelial conductances (G(T)) as a measure of the overall tissue permeability were measured in vitro applying the Ussing-chamber technique. Simultaneously, the unidirectional flux rates of sodium and chloride across rumen wall epithelia were determined in the absence of electrochemical gradients. Under these conditions, significant positive net flux rates (Jnet) clearly indicate active mechanisms for electrolyte absorption. For the experiments 12 male Holstein calves 7 d of age were assigned to three groups of 4 animals each: milk group (I, slaughtered after 6 weeks of age), late weaning group (II, slaughtered after 9 weeks of age) and early weaning group (II, weaned after 6 weeks of age and slaughtered after 9 weeks of age). Whereas G(T) values remained unaffected by different age and feeding, Isc values were significantly affected by early weaning but were not influenced by age. Irrespective of weaning time active absorption of Na+ tended to be higher by about 60% in 9 weeks old animals. Active absorption of chloride was significantly increased in milk fed 9 weeke old calves and this effect was further stimulated by early weaning. In conclusion, the data show an increasing active Na+ absorption with age in calf rumen that could not be influenced by early weaning. Similarly, active Cl- absorption was initially increased during postnatal development and this effect could be stimulated further by early weaning.     

Milk fever and subclinical hypocalcaemia--an evaluation of parameters on incidence risk, diagnosis, risk factors and biological effects as input for a decision support system for disease control.

The present review analyses the documentation on incidence, diagnosis, risk factors and effects of milk fever and subclinical hypocalcaemia. It is hereby evaluated whether the existing documentation seems sufficient for further modelling in a decision support system for selection of a control strategy. Several studies have been carried out revealing an incidence of milk fever most often in the level of 5-10%. Few studies indicate that the incidence of subclinical hypocalcaemia is several times higher than milk fever. The diagnosis based on clinical or laboratory methods or based on presence of risk factors is outlined. The clinical symptoms of milk fever are highly specific and the disease level may thus be determined from recording of treatments. Diagnosis of subclinical hypocalcaemia needs to include laboratory examinations or it may be determined by multiplying the incidence of milk fever by a certain factor. From the documentation on risk factors, it is very complex to predict the incidence from the exposure level of the risk factors. Due to uncertainty, sensitivity analyses over a wide range of values for each parameter are needed. The documentation of cow characteristics, nutrition, environment and management as risk factors are described. Among cow characteristics, parity or age, body condition and production level were found to be important. Risk factors associated with nutrition included most importantly dietary cation-anion difference and calcium level whereas the importance of general feeding related factors like type of feed stuff and feeding level were less clear. Environment and management included season, climate, housing, pasturing, exercise, length of dry period and prepartum milking. Several of the parameters on environment and management were confounded among each other and therefore firm conclusions on the importance were difficult. The documentation of the effect of milk fever includes the downer cows, reproductive disorders, occurrence of other diseases and the effect on milk production, body weight and culling. The reproductive disorders included most importantly dystocia, uterine prolapse, retained placenta, metritis and repeat breeding, and occurrence of other diseases included ketosis, displaced abomasum and mastitis. The documentation was substantial and often quantifiable within certain limits. Overall it is concluded that the present documentation on milk fever concerning incidence, diagnosis, risk factors and effects seems sufficient for a systematic inclusion in a decision support system. A model on milk fever should take into consideration the variation in biological data and individual herd characteristics. The inclusion of subclinical hypocalcaemia would be more uncertain and probably should await further documentation on possibilities of determining the herd level incidence and also the effect of this condition on production.     

柑桔施肥若干问题的总结

柑桔是南方最主要的果树之一，果实营养丰富，同时又是一种经济价值较高的水果，深受人们喜爱。但在栽植过程中，农户施肥水平很不均衡，施肥管理较为粗化，在肥料品种选择与施肥时期、方法等问题上把握不准，造成柑桔产量及品质降低。根据我们近年来试验研究和实践经验，对柑桔施肥的若干问题作如下总结，供各地参考使用。     

猪血免疫球蛋白的热稳定性及动力学研究

为了使猪血免疫球蛋白在各类食品中得到较好的应用 ,对猪血免疫球蛋白 (PIgG)的热稳定性及热变性动力学进行了分析研究。结果表明 ,PIgG在 6 0℃以下很稳定 ,6 0～ 6 5℃比较稳定 ,大于 70℃变性明显加快 ,超高温杀菌 (12 0℃ ,4s)条件下 ,PIgG几乎失活 ;其热动力学反应为 1 2级 ;在 6 0 ,6 5 ,70 ,75 ,80 ,85和 90℃ ,PIgG热变性的D值分别为 33 333× 10 3 ,14 2 86× 10 3 ,3 333× 10 3 ,0 4 76× 10 3 ,0 2 2 2× 10 3 ,0 16 9× 10 3 和 0 0 76× 10 3 s ,在此温度范围内的Z值为 10 81℃ ,表观活化能为 2 2 7 31kJ·mol-1。