Dietary fiber in a low-protein diet during gestation affects nitrogen excretion in primiparous gilts,with possible influences from the gut microbiota

We investigated the effects of dietary fiber (DF) supplementation in normal or low crude protein (CP) diets on reproductive performance and nitrogen (N) utilization in primiparous gilts. In total, 77 Landrace × Yorkshire pregnant gilts were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The groups comprised 1) equal intake of normal CP (12.82% and 0.61% total lysine), 2) low CP (LP) (10.53% and 0.61% total lysine), and 3) with or 4) without DF supplementation (cellulose, inulin, and pectin in a 34:10:1 ratio). A low-protein diet during gestation significantly reduced daily weight gain from days 91 to 110 of pregnancy (−162.5 g/d, P = 0.004). From N balance trials conducted at days 35 to 38, 65 to 68, and 95 to 98 of pregnancy, DF addition increased fecal N excretion at days 65 to 68 (+24.1%) and 95 to 98 (+13.8%) of pregnancy (P < 0.05) but reduced urinary N excretion (P < 0.05), resulting in greater N retention at each gestational stage. DF increased fecal microbial protein levels and excretion during gestation. An LP diet also reduced urinary N excretion at different gestational stages. An in vitro fermentation trial on culture media with nonprotein N urea and ammonium bicarbonate (NH₄HCO₃) as the only N sources revealed that microbiota derived from feces of gestating gilts fed the high DF diet exhibited a greater capacity to convert nonprotein N to microbial protein. Microbial fecal diversity, as measured by 16S rRNA sequencing, revealed significant changes from DF but not CP diets. Gilts fed an LP diet had a higher number of stillbirths (+0.83 per litter, P = 0.046) and a lower piglet birth weight (1.52 vs. 1.37 kg, P = 0.006), regardless of DF levels. Collectively, DF supplementation to gestation diets shifted N excretion from urine to feces in the form of microbial protein, suggesting that the microbiota had a putative role in controlling N utilization from DF. Additionally, a low-protein diet during gestation negatively affected the litter performance of gilts.     

禁抗前后规模鸡场环境中金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌对15种抗菌药的敏感性比较

为了解规模鸡场两种环境细菌在禁抗前后耐药性的变化,以评估使用抗菌药对养殖场用药的影响,通过对禁抗前以及禁抗6个月后规模鸡场的环境进行采样,培养分离大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌),然后针对15种常见抗菌药物开展药敏试验,并对敏感性进行比对。结果显示:禁抗前规模鸡场分离的大肠杆菌对妥布霉素、林可霉素、头孢拉定、卡拉霉素等较敏感,而对磺胺异噁唑、土霉素、头孢唑林和青霉素等耐药;金葡菌对头孢曲松、卡拉霉素、头孢唑啉、氟苯尼考等较敏感,而对土霉素、磺胺异噁唑、庆大霉素、妥布霉素等耐药。禁抗6个月后,两种细菌对大部分抗菌药的敏感性都有不同程度的增加,但对土霉素、磺胺异噁唑、氟苯尼考、青霉素等的敏感性增加不多甚至有降低。结果表明禁抗总体上可以增强鸡场环境中两种细菌对抗菌药的敏感性,降低耐药性。本文为指导规模鸡场禁用和科学使用抗菌药物提供了数据支持。     

陕西省西安市牛羊养殖场职业暴露高危人群布鲁氏菌感染相关风险因素分析

为掌握陕西省西安市牛羊养殖场职业暴露人群布鲁氏菌感染风险因素,做好高危人群布鲁氏菌病防控工作,2019年对西安市39个布鲁氏菌病阳性养殖场及346位职业暴露高危人群进行流行学调查,并采用单因素分析及多因素logistic回归分析,找出养殖场高危人群感染风险因素。结果显示:畜间布鲁氏菌病在养殖方式上主要发生于散养场(27/39),时间上发生于4月、7—8月、10月,在畜种上以羊群为主(28/39)。对从业人员主观潜在风险因素的单因素分析发现,感染从业人员与未感染高危人员在挤奶、喝生牛羊乳、接生、免疫、接触流产畜(流产物及粪便)病差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05);多因素logistic回顾分析发现,挤奶(OR=2.435,95%CI=1.137～5.071)、喝生牛羊乳(OR=2.893,95%CI=1.218～7.569)、接生(OR=3.217,95%CI=1.382～8.036)、接触流产畜(流产物及粪便,OR=2.439,95%CI=1.175～5.209)是从业人员感染的风险因素。同时,对养殖场客观潜在风险因素的单因素分析及多因素logistic回顾分析显示,场区消毒(OR=0.694,95%CI=0.307～1.043)、流产病死畜无害化处理(OR=0.549,95%CI=0.325～1.105)也是从业人员感染的风险因素。结果表明,挤奶、喝生牛羊乳、接生、接触流产畜(流产物及粪便)是从业人员感染的主观性风险因素,场区消毒、流产病死畜无害化处理是从业人员感染的客观风险因素。结果提示,牛羊养殖场及从业人员应加强对上述感染风险因素的控制,降低暴露风险。同时,相关机构应开展牛羊养殖场职业暴露人群布鲁氏菌病防控知识科普宣传,提升其防范能力。     

应用液态悬浮芯片技术建立17种大肠杆菌耐药基因多重快速检测方法

为建立一种快速、高通量的多重耐药基因检测方法,利用Luminex液态芯片平台,建立了可同时检测17种耐药基因的液态芯片检测方法。该方法对大肠杆菌常见的七大类抗菌药物所对应的17种耐药基因（blaSHV、blaCMY-1、Aph3-IIa-1、aac(6)-Ib-cr、aadA-1、cmlA-1、gyrA、mcr-1、NDM-1、parC、qnrS-1、sul-1、sul-2、sul-3、tetA、tetB、tetX）进行序列分析,随后依次对其设计多重PCR特异性引物,构建特异的阳性质粒作为阳性参比品进行液态芯片检测条件优化,从而进行多重耐药基因液态芯片检测方法的研发。结果显示：成功构建了17种耐药基因的阳性质粒,并建立了两套体系用于检测17种耐药基因。在特异性试验中,两套体系中的检测信号无干扰,具有较高的特异性数值;敏感性试验中,体系一的单一质粒最低检测量为102~104 copies/μL,混合质粒为103~105 copies/μL;体系二的单一质粒最低检测量为102~105 copies/μL,混合质粒为104~106 copies/μL;有效性试验中,液态芯片法与PCR检测结果的Kappa值多在0.60以上,具有高度一致性。结果表明,本研究建立的2套液态芯片检测体系具有高通量、高灵敏和高特异性的优点,可同时对17种耐药基因进行检测,能够达到快速检测的目的。     

Toll-like receptor signaling is changed in ovine lymph node during early pregnancy

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) participate in regulation of adaptive immune responses, and lymph nodes play key roles in the initiation of immune responses. There is a tolerance to the allogenic fetus during pregnancy, but it is unclear that expression of TLR signaling is in ovine lymph node during early pregnancy. In this study, lymph nodes were sampled from day 16 of nonpregnant ewes and days 13, 16, and 25 of pregnant ewes, and the expressions of TLR family (TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9), adaptor proteins, including myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88 (MyD88), tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6), and interleukin-1-receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), were analyzed through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry analysis. The results showed that mRNA and protein levels of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TRAF6, and MyD88 were upregulated in the maternal lymph node, but TLR5, TLR9, and IRAK1 were downregulated during early pregnancy. In addition, MyD88 protein was located in the subcapsular sinus and lymph sinuses. Therefore, it is suggested that early pregnancy induces changes in TLR signaling in maternal lymph node, which may be involved in regulation of maternal immune responses in sheep.     

非洲猪瘟疫苗研究的困境和展望

非洲猪瘟（ASF）目前是生猪产业最重要的猪病。因为非洲猪瘟病毒（ASFV）本身的复杂性,以及和宿主相互作用的复杂性导致ASF已经被报道一百年了,还没有商业化疫苗。理想的ASF疫苗不仅要有好的免疫保护性,更重要的是其安全性,同时如果能区分野毒感染和疫苗接种,能在适合的高质量GMP车间进行稳定低价的生产,能用于不同物种就更好了。ASF灭活疫苗研制这条道路似乎不通;亚单位疫苗、DNA疫苗、病毒活载体疫苗的免疫保护能力不足;主要包含自然缺失、传代致弱、基因工程缺失的减毒活疫苗在免疫保护方面体现了非常大的优势,但是其潜在的持续感染风险,会造成猪只的副作用,包括皮肤溃烂、关节炎,导致神经系统、呼吸系统的损伤等问题非常值得警惕。复制缺陷单周期病毒能有效地解决减毒活疫苗的安全性问题,似乎是一个值得尝试的ASF疫苗研制方向,尽管存在难以确定缺失复制相关的基因,以及难以构建能高效表达缺失基因编码蛋白,且能让单周期病毒稳定大量生产的辅助细胞系。我国针对ASFV强毒的精准剔除策略,未注册非法弱毒苗造成临床严重损失,以及一些不使用疫苗但成功从国家层面净化ASF的案例,让我们认识到针对ASF基础研究的重要性。同时至少目前阶段,ASF的防控不一定要借助疫苗,更多的要做好生物安全管控和区域ASF净化。尽管ASF疫苗研制困难重重,但针对ASF理想型疫苗的研制也应该持续进行下去,未来可能作为ASF防控的一个突破点。     

Effects of dietary supplementation of nucleotides from late gestation to lactation on the performance and oxidative stress status of sows and their offspring

Increased metabolic burdens in breeding sows, which are induced by elevated systemic oxidative stress, could increase the need for nucleotides to repair lymphocyte DNA damage; however, de novo synthesis of nucleotides may be insufficient to cover this increased need. This study investigated the effects of dietary nucleotides on milk composition, oxidative stress status, and the reproductive and lactational performance of sows. Forty multiparous sows were assigned to 2 dietary treatments (Control group, and 1 g/kg Nucleotides group) based on a randomized complete block design using their BW at 85 d of gestation as a block. Sows from 2 groups were fed a restricted diet during gestation and ad libitum during lactation. The experiment lasted from 85 d of gestation to 21 d of lactation. The reproductive performance of sows and the growth performance of suckling piglets were measured. Oxidative stress parameters and milk components were also analysed. Data were analyzed using contrasts in the MIXED procedure of SAS. Sows in the Nucleotides group consumed more feed during the first week (P < 0.01) and from 1 to 21 d (P < 0.05) of lactation than those in Control group. Correspondingly, the litter weight gain of piglets showed a tendency to increase from cross-fostering to 9 d (P = 0.09) and from cross-fostering to 20 d (P = 0.10) in the Nucleotides group relative to the Control group. Additionally, the Nucleotides group was higher (P < 0.01) than the Control group in the concentrations of uridine 5''monophosphate, guanosine 5''monophosphate, inosine 5''monophosphate, adenosine 5''monophosphate and total nucleotides in milk. Furthermore, the Nucleotides group was higher (P < 0.01) than the Control group in the serum levels of total antioxidant capacity (P < 0.01) for sows at 109 d of gestation and glutathione peroxidase for weaning piglets, but lower at the levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (P < 0.05) in serum of weaning piglets. This study indicated that maternal dietary nucleotides could promote piglet growth, probably due to the higher lactational feed intake and higher concentration of nucleotides in the milk of sows, and lower oxidative stress for both sows and piglets.