多氯联苯对鱼肝功能的影响、机制及防治

多氯联苯(polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)是水体环境中广泛分布的典型持久性有机污染物,可通过食物链富集进入鱼、人及其他动物体内,并在脂肪中积蓄,严重危害机体健康,能引起生物体突变、畸变甚至癌变,引起了极大的关注。文章主要综述了PCBs对鱼类肝功能的影响、作用机理及预防PCBs对鱼类生长发育的毒害,旨在为搞好水体环境,保护和发展可持续的渔业提供参考依据。     

风速对回转窑内生物质传输影响的试验研究

通过试验研究了风速对回转窑内生物质传输送的影响,并与已有的几种传输模型进行了比较。结果表明:已有的几种模型不能准确描述风速作用下生物质在回转窑内的传输规律。窑内风速对生物质物料平均停留时间(MRT)的作用有两方面:一方面,生物质在下落过程中受到一个向前的推力;另一方面,生物质受到风的作用,增加了摩擦力,使得风的影响呈现出复杂特性。风速的影响范围与回转窑倾角有较大关系:回转窑倾角越大,风速的影响越显著。     

Ameliorative effects of inoculation with the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Pseudomonas sp. DW1 on growth of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) seedlings under salt stress

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of inoculation with the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Pseudomonas sp. DW1 on eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) growth, mineral uptake and activities of the antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) of plant leaves under salinity stress. The study was conducted in pot experiments using eggplant (S. melongena L., cv. Yinjia) and a coastal soil. The NaCl concentration of the coastal soil was 0.57 g (kg soil)⁻¹. Four NaCl levels were tested: 0.57, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 g NaCl (kg soil)⁻¹, by adding NaCl to soil, respectively. Pseudomonas-inoculated seeds had an increase in the germination percentage over its non-inoculated seeds under salinity. Salinity negatively affected growth of eggplant; however, plants inoculated with Pseudomonas sp. DW1 grew to a significantly greater extent than plants that were not treated with this bacterium. Salinity significantly decreased K⁺ concentration, increased Na⁺ concentration, and did not significantly decrease Ca²⁺ content in shoots of eggplants. Inoculating with Pseudomonas sp. DW1 increased shoot Ca²⁺ of eggplant compared to the non-inoculating eggplant plants under salinity. Inoculating treatments with Pseudomonas sp. DW1 had no effect on shoot Na⁺ concentration in 0.57 and 1 g (kg soil)⁻¹ NaCl, but there were significant decreases in inoculated treatments than in non-inoculated ones at 2 and 3 g (kg soil)⁻¹ NaCl. Salinity decreased SOD activities and increased POD activities, and inoculated Pseudomonas sp. DW1 had an increase effect on SOD activity in the leaves of eggplants. Alteration of mineral uptake and increase in the antioxidant enzyme activities may be two mechanisms for the alleviation of salt stress. Based on the results of the experiment reported herein, the use of the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium treatment may provide a means of facilitating plant growth under salt stress.     

Evaluating eddy covariance method by large-scale weighing lysimeter in a maize field of northwest China

Accurate determination of evapotranspiration (ET) is useful to develop precise irrigation scheduling. Although eddy covariance (EC) is a direct method which is widely used to measure ET, its performance in arid region of northwest China is not clear. In this study, ET measured by EC (ET_EC) was compared with that by large-scale weighing lysimeter (ET_L) during the whole growing season of maize in 2009. Energy balance ratio was 0.84 for daytime fluxes, indicating that lack of energy balance closure occurred, so daytime ET_EC was adjusted by Bowen-ratio forced closure method. Compared to the corresponding ET_L, half-hourly daytime ET_EC was underestimated by 21.8% without the adjustment and 4.8% with the adjustment. Furthermore, nighttime ET_EC was adjusted using filtering/interpolation method. Mean error between half-hourly nighttime ET_EC and ET_L decreased from 30.2% without the adjustment to 10.3% with the adjustment. After such adjustment of day and night measurements, daily ET_EC was underestimated by 6.2% compared to ET_L. These results indicated that the adjusted ET_EC well matched with the ET_L. Moreover, the discrepancy of adjusted total ET_EC and ET_L was decreased to 3.2% after subtracting the overestimated ET by lysimeter resulting from irrigation and heavy rainfall events. Thus, after appropriate adjustments of observations, eddy covariance method is accurate in estimating maize ET in the arid region of northwest China.     

提高特殊柱塞泵往复密封寿命的优化设计

针对输送含颗粒介质柱塞泵的柱塞、填料寿命问题,从接触型往复密封的摩擦学机理出发,通过优化匹配柱塞直径、行程及泵速各参数,合理控制柱塞的线速度,降低摩擦速度,对柱塞填料密封进行优化设计;通过求解间隙中的流体力学层流运动问题,合理控制冲洗液的压力,保证全压密封系统中接触区的液膜处在混合润滑状态下工作,使密封副有良好的润滑;提出了两种填料函方案,并和采用不同表面处理工艺的柱塞及多种填料搭配组合进行试验.试验结果表明,密封累计运行了4 455 h后,组合1和组合2柱塞的磨损仅为0.03 mm和0.05 mm;在生产实际中,改进后的密封设计,使柱塞及填料的使用寿命从原来的1 500 h提高到4 500 h以上.     

广东省农机化发展水平影响因素的研究

从影响广东省农业机械化发展水平的因素中按照影响强度、影响的直接性与间接性及可观测性选出农机总动力、政府对农机事业的投入、农机社会化服务组织、农机户农机经营总收入、农机化培训5个主要因素;介绍了灰色关联法概念和计算步骤;采用这5个主要影响因素从2000-2008年的统计数据,运用灰色关联法进行定量计算,结果表明:在农机总动力不增加的情况下,现阶段农机社会化服务组织对农业机械化发展水平的影响很显著的。     

基于二自由度车辆模型的悬架性能研究

以二自由度车辆模型为研究对象,基于车辆动力学和现代控制理论,研究车辆悬架系统的性能.在Matlab/Simulink里建立二自由度车辆振动和随机不平路面仿真模型,进行随机路面输入的平顺性仿真试验,并分析了悬架刚度、阻尼系数及轮胎刚度对悬架性能的影响,得出车身加速度、悬架动挠度、轮胎动载荷随悬架刚度、阻尼系数及轮胎刚度变...     

枣树修剪枝条弯曲及压缩特性研究

为解决密植枣园枝条粉碎还田机粉碎装置设计和枣树修剪枝条数值化建模缺乏部分关键力学参数和理论基础的问题,以十四师224团枣树修剪枝条为研究对象,采用8801型万能试验机进行了弯曲和压缩试验.设计了三因素五水平正交试验,研究了标距跨度、加载速度、取样部位对枣树修剪枝条弯曲性能的影响;设计了单因素试验,研究了压缩速度、压缩方...     

高剪切匀浆泵两相流动的数值模拟

为了研究高剪切匀浆泵对物料的剪切混合效果,掌握剪切泵内流场的宏观规律和速度特性,应用三维造型软件Pro/E建立高剪切匀浆泵的水力模型,采用计算流体动力学的数值计算方法,基于Mixture混合模型,扩展的标准k-ε湍流方程及SIMPLEC算法对高剪切匀浆泵进行固液两相流的数值模拟.为了减小网格数量对计算结果的影响,对高剪切匀浆泵进行了网格的无关性检验.对不同流量和转速工况下的高剪切匀浆泵进行了数值模拟及横向比较,分析了流量和转速对剪切泵内流场的影响规律.分析结果表明：物料在经过剪切外腔后混合均匀程度显著提高,说明该剪切泵能对物料起到较好的混合均匀作用;随着流量的增大,固液两相混合均匀化速率变慢;随着转速的增大,两相混合均匀程度及速率变快,但改变转速只对转轮部分有影响,对进口区域的固相体积分数影响不大.     

水产养殖水质环境无线监测系统设计与实现

针对目前水产养殖环境监测手段及监测设备基础薄弱、相对落后的现状,应用无线传感技术、嵌入式计算技术、微机电技术(MEMS)、分布式信息处理技术及无线通信网络技术于一体的无线传感器网络,为水产养殖环境提供数字化、网络化、智能化的实时动态监测系统。该系统不仅能够对水产养殖环境的主要检测指标(水温、PH值、溶氧量、浊度、氨氮等)进行实时监测,还能够对检测指标进行数据融合和挖掘,以建立水产养殖环境检测指标历史数据库,实现监测数据的本地或远程、实时、动态显示和分析,为水产养殖过程中有效提高水资源利用率、改善养殖环境质量、降低污染物的排放等提供了一种重要技术手段和科学依据。