一种快速鉴别草地贪夜蛾蛹及成虫雌雄的简易方法

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)是新近入侵我国的重大迁飞性害虫。本研究通过比较草地贪夜蛾雌、雄蛹及成虫的外部形态差异,总结出一种快速鉴别草地贪夜蛾蛹及成虫性别的方法。结果表明:草地贪夜蛾雄蛹在第9腹节腹面中央有一纵裂缝,并连接两个半圆形瘤状突起,且纵裂离肛门的距离较近,腹部末端较尖,分节较为明显;雌蛹在第8腹节腹面近前缘有一短纵裂缝,两侧平滑且无突起结构,裂缝离肛门的距离较远,腹部末端钝圆,分节不明显。雄蛾腹部狭长,腹部末端有一圈黄色长毛簇;雌蛾腹部较雄蛾浑圆,腹部末端黄色毛簇较短。经检测,该鉴定方法的准确率高达100%。对草地贪夜蛾蛹及成虫性别的快速鉴定,将有助于改进后期草地贪夜蛾室内饲养方法,并为田间草地贪夜蛾的预测预报提供参考。     

一株毒杀松材线虫的解淀粉芽孢杆菌活性物质的基本性质

从马尾松林中筛选出的解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens JK-JS3菌株对松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus具有较高杀线活性。本试验对JK-JS3菌株分泌的杀线活性物质的基本性质进行了研究。结果表明：该菌株产生的杀线组分是可随水分一同蒸发的非蛋白质类物质;其吸收峰在190nm到200nm之间;常温25℃和冷藏4℃下保存60d仍能保持杀线活性;不同温度和pH条件对其杀线组分的活性有影响,加热会降低其活性,碱性条件下具有较高的杀线活性;石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯等有机溶剂不能将其活性物质从粗提液中提取。     

桃蚜电压门控钠离子通道基因cDNA克隆及其生物信息学分析

克隆获得桃蚜电压门控钠离子通道基因cDNA序列,明确钠离子通道的典型特征,为研究桃蚜抗性分子机理奠定基础。采用实验技术主要有RT-PCR和PCR,克隆桃蚜钠离子通道基因cDNA序列,利用相关软件对其序列进行生物信息学分析。克隆得到两段cDNA序列MpNa_v-1（NCBI登录号：MN124170）和MpNa_v-2（NCBI登录号：MN176136）。MpNa_v-1长度为2945 bp,包括2877 bp的完整开放阅读框,共编码958个氨基酸;MpNa_v-2长度为3546 bp,包括3486 bp的完整开放阅读框,共编码1161个氨基酸。MpNa_v-1和MpNa_v-2共同组成桃蚜的钠离子通道α亚基,MpNa_v-1包含同源结构域Ⅰ和同源结构域Ⅱ,MpNa_v-2包含同源结构域Ⅲ和同源结构域Ⅳ。同源比对发现,桃蚜与豌豆蚜和高粱蚜钠离子通道基因相似度分别高达97.67%和97.65%,所克隆序列包含昆虫钠离子通道α亚基典型特征,具有MFM模块,并含有蚜虫类钠通道特有模块DENS。成功地克隆桃蚜钠离子通道基因,为阐明其对拟除虫菊酯类药剂产生靶标抗性的分子机制奠定基础。     

Spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture in a fixed dune at the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang,China

Soil moisture is critical for vegetation growth in deserts. However, detailed dataregarding the soil moisture distribution in space and time in the Gurbantunggut Desert have not yet been reported. In this study, we conducted a series ofinsitu observation experiments in a fixed sand dune at the southern edge of the GurbantunggutDesert from February 2014 to October 2016, to explore the spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture content, investigate the impact of Haloxylonammodendron (C. A. Mey.) Bungeon soil moisture content in its root zone, and examine the factors influencing the soil moisture spatial pattern. One-way analysis of variance,least significant difference testsand correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that the soil moisture content exhibited annual periodicity and the temporal variation of soil moisture content throughout a year could be divided into three periods, namely, a moisture-gaining period, a moisture-losing period and a moisture-stable period.According to the temporal and spatial variability, the 0-400 cm soil profile could be divided into two layers: an active layer with moderate variability and a stable layer with weak variability.The temporal variability was larger than the spatial variability in the active layer,and the mean profile soil moisture content at different slope positions displayed the trend of decreasing with increasing relative heightand mainly followed the order of interdunearea>westand east slopes>slope top.The mean profile soil moisture content in the root zone of dead H. ammodendronindividuals was significantly higher than that in the root zones of adult and young individuals, while the soil moisture content in the root zone of adult individuals was slightly higher than that in the root zone of young individuals with no significant difference.The spatial pattern of soil moisture was attributable to the combined effects of snowfall, vegetation and soil texture, whereas the effects of rainfall and evaporation were not significant. The findings may offer a foundation for the management of sandy soil moisture and vegetation restoration in arid areas.     

青海湖及毗邻地区气候变化灰色模型预测

选取1961～2007年青海湖流域附近刚察、茶卡、共和三个站的降水,气温,湿度和蒸发四项气象要素进行分析,以年平均值作为时间序列,建立灰色预测模型,考察其精度,讨论灰色模型在气候变化中的可行性。最后利用模型对流域内各气象要素作了预测。结果表明:在灰色模型的预测中,选用4-5个已知值作为预测序列预测比较理想;由于选用的时间序列短,模型对未来1-2个值预测较理想;由于温度没有相对误差,温度值并不适用该种模型来准确预测;综合考察共和站和刚察站,2008年流域年平均温度继续降低,流域年平均降水量仍持续降低。     

不同控氮比掺混肥对土壤无机氮与脲酶及冬小麦产量的影响

开展田间小区试验,研究了控释氮肥与尿素掺混施用对土壤无机氮与脲酶及冬小麦产量的影响,旨在寻求控释氮肥与尿素最佳掺混比例,提出缓解氮肥损失、降低面源污染、节约成本、易于推广的施肥方式。结果表明:较常规尿素处理,控释氮肥与尿素掺混对土壤铵态氮含量影响总体差异不显著;在小麦分蘖期,常规尿素处理土壤硝态氮含量和土壤脲酶活性较高,而小麦拔节期至成熟期,则以掺混40%比例以上控释氮肥处理的土壤硝态氮含量和脲酶活性较高;各施氮处理对小麦穗粒数和千粒重影响差异不显著,产量以掺混40%控释氮肥处理最高,较常规尿素处理增产14%,因产值最高,投入成本适中,净收入水平和产投比均为最高,分别为5 875.72元·hm~(-2)和2.24,较常规尿素处理提高了23.24%和9.27%。综上,40%控释氮肥与60%尿素掺混处理在提高土壤无机氮含量,激活小麦生长中、后期脲酶活性,增加冬小麦产量方面效果显著。     

杏毛球坚蚧危害杏树的发生规律与防治

通过对佳木斯地区园林绿化树种杏树主要虫害杏毛球坚蚧的生物学特性发生规律进行采样调查,初步掌握杏毛球坚蚧的发生特点,结合其天敌昆虫黑缘红瓢虫的生物防治情况,提出针对防治杏毛球坚蚧的具体防治措施,为有效防治杏毛球坚蚧这种杏树重要害虫提供技术支持。     

苜蓿叶象啮小蜂寿命及产卵量的研究

在室内通过对苜蓿叶象啮小蜂Tetrastichus incertus(Ratzeburg)寿命、产卵量的研究发现,苜蓿叶象啮小蜂有较高的产卵量和寄生能力;在不喂食的条件下,苜蓿叶象啮小蜂产卵量最高,单头雌蜂的产卵范围为45粒~209粒,平均117粒,最高日产卵量为31粒;其寿命可达18d,最多可寄生37头寄主;苜蓿叶象啮小蜂与寄主在1:5的情况下寄生率达56.00%,并随着寄主密度的增大,苜蓿叶象啮小蜂的产卵量也有逐渐升高的趋势。     

巴图湾水库风沙入库量的估算

风沙入库给干旱、半干旱地区的水库带来了严重的填淤危害。本文通过对内蒙古乌审旗南部巴图湾水库岸边流动沙丘不同部位风速与风沙流的同步观测,计算出库岸流动沙丘表面的平均输沙率。利用巴图湾水库1986~2005年9月份的5期TM遥感影像统计出水库两岸受不同风向影响的流动沙丘断面的平均长度,结合巴图湾水库附近乌审旗河南乡气象站1985~2004年的气象资料,统计出不同风向大于起沙风的风速年均持续时间,初步计算出巴图湾水库的年均入库风沙量。结果表明:(1)巴图湾水库的年均入库风沙量为3.65万t,其中西岸风沙入库量为3.55万t,东岸为0.10万t。西岸风沙危害最为严重,是治沙工作的重点。(2)巴图湾水库的风沙入库具有明显的时间性和方向性。受季风气候的影响,风沙入库的方向会随着风向的变化而改变。东南风与西北风是造成东西两岸风沙入库的主要风向。西北风对风沙入库量的贡献最大。(3)在大于起沙风的风速中,5~12 m/s风速段是风沙入库的主要风速。当风速中7 m/s以上的风速持续时间有一个较小的增加时,入库风沙量将会有一个巨大的增加。(4)库岸半固定沙丘的风沙入库,降尘和风水复合侵蚀引起的库岸坍塌也是入库风沙量的重要组成部分。因此,巴图湾水库的实际年入库风沙量应该大于3.65万t。     

Seasonal patterns in water uptake for Medicago sativa grown along an elevation gradient with shallow groundwater table in Yanchi county of Ningxia,Northwest China

Lucerne(Medicago sativa L.) is a deep-rooted perennial leguminous forage with high evapo-transpiration rate exceeding the annual precipitation in semi-arid areas of Northwest China.Groundwater might be the potential water sources of lucerne in the area with shallow groundwater table.In this study,stable isotopic compositions of oxygen and hydrogen(δ18O and δD) of different water sources and xylem sap were analyzed to determine the seasonal(April,June,July and August) and topographic(three slope positions) variations in water sources for lucerne growing in Ningxia eastern semi-arid area adjacent to Mu Us Desert characterized by shallow groundwater table.Iso Source software was used to calculate the probable contribution of different water sources to the total plant water uptake.Stomatal conductance,stem water potential,carbon isotope discrimination(?~(13)C) of whole plant were also determined for evaluating the water status of lucerne growing at different slope positions.The results showed that soil water content increased as the elevation decreased.Oxygen compositions of soil water in the 0–40 cm profile fluctuated considerably.Soil water δ~(18)O values in deep profile(3.5 m) were similar to those in groundwater,implying the recharge of groundwater to this soil layer.Highest water utilization rate from deep soil profile(below 350 cm) was recorded for lucerne grown at the slope position 1(groundwater table depth of 3.5–3.9 m) in April,June and July.The lucernes at slope position 2(groundwater table depth of 5.8–6.4 m) and slope position 3(groundwater table depth 7.1–8.3 m) mostly used water from deep soil layers(below 350 cm) during dry period,and turned to use water from superficial soil layer in wet period.Higher yield,?~(13)C value of whole plant and stomatal conductance were observed for lucerne grown at the slope position 1 than those at other slope positions.These results indicated that groundwater is a significant water source for transpiration of lucerne grown in Ningxia semi-arid area with shallow groundwater table where lucerne grassland is suggested to be established so as to obtain better yield performance.