25年来种植业结构调整驱动的县域养分平衡状况的变化——以山东惠民县为例

本文以山东省惠民县为例,采用1984年全国第二次土壤普查和2004年土壤调查的实测数据以及历年农户调查结果和统计数据,系统分析了过去25年来惠民县种植业结构调整对该县养分平衡和土壤养分特征的影响。结果表明,惠民县种植业结构由以粮棉为主演变为以棉粮菜为主;该县的养分平衡状况为氮盈余6089～19405t,磷盈余259～7001t,钾亏缺2532～6712t;该县土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、速效磷含量分别增加了57%、22%、303%,速效钾含量则降低了6%。种植业结构的改变影响了农田氮、磷、钾养分的投入,进而影响到整个县域的养分收支平衡和土壤的养分含量,因此如何合理进行作物种植布局并优化不同种植体系的施肥技术将成为今后区域农业生产优质高效的主要方向。     

金边瑞香花芽形态分化研究

 金边瑞香花芽由顶芽发育而成，花芽分化包括花序分化和小花分化两个过程，分为未分化、开始分化、花序原基分化、小花原基分化、花瓣分化、雄蕊分化和雌蕊分化7个时期，分化的顺序是向心的；分化的临界期为5月中旬，分化时期长达7个月，花芽分化既持续又表现出两个分化高峰，还受温度等因素的影响。     

用极限定义证明极限的几种方法

在微积分中，极限是最重要的概念之一，而且微分、积分、级数概念都是由极限来定义的。因此，掌握好用极限定义证明部分极限问题的方法大有必要，从极限定义证明极限的方法的特点加以分析，可归纳总结出放大法、乘方法、取点法、夹逼法和反证等5种方法。     

连作对草莓生长发育和根部病害发生的影响

通过日光温室小区试验研究了连作草莓的生长发育状况及根部病害发生情况。结果表明:连作草莓生长发育不良,主要表现在株高下降、叶片数减少、生物量下降、生育期延迟、产量下降等方面。同时连作草莓根系抗病力降低,导致土传根部病害的严重发生。连作2年的草莓植株在定植1个月后,病情指数已明显高于正茬处理,生长中期病情指数为正茬处理的2 2倍,最终连作2年处理的死苗率为40 9%,减产50 1%。     

长期饲喂亚麻籽对蛋鸡生产性能及消化代谢的影响

为研究长期饲喂亚麻籽对蛋鸡生产性能和表观消化代谢的影响,试验选用48只体重相近的55周龄健康海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分成4组,每组12只,即试验1、2、3和4组分别在基础日粮中添加0、6%、12%和18%亚麻籽,饲喂10周。结果表明,试验2、3组对蛋鸡增重无影响(P>0.05),试验4组蛋鸡体重显著下降(P<0.05);各试验组排泄物的水分含量无显著变化(P>0.05);试验2组可提高产蛋性能,试验3组可改善部分产蛋性能,但试验4组能降低产蛋性能。对于营养物质的消化代谢,试验2组不影响日粮表观代谢能和营养物质表观代谢率,试验3组显著降低能量表观代谢率和磷表观代谢率(P<0.05),试验4组降低能量及多项营养物质表观代谢率。提示,日粮中添加6%亚麻籽可用于长期饲喂蛋鸡。     

贵州省三穗县鸭疫里默氏杆菌的分离鉴定、毒力基因检测及耐药性分析

为了解贵州省三穗县鸭疫里默氏杆菌（Riemerella anatipestifer,RA）的流行血清型、毒力和耐药情况,本试验从贵州省三穗县6个规模养鸭场临床疑似RA感染的病鸭体内分离出6株分离菌,对病原菌进行分离鉴定、毒力基因检测和耐药性分析。细菌分离鉴定结果显示,分离菌在巧克力琼脂培养基上长出表面光滑、圆形半透明的滴状菌落;革兰氏染色呈阴性短小杆菌,瑞氏染色呈两极浓染;分离菌均不具运动性,尿素、触酶和氧化酶试验均为阳性,符合RA生化特性,将6株分离菌分别命名为SS-RA1~SS-RA6;6株分离菌的16S rRNA基因序列与NCBI上RA参考菌株的基因序列相似性≥98%,说明6株分离菌均是RA;SS-RA1~SS-RA4为血清2型且含有8种毒力基因（OmpA、CAMP、wza、AS87_04050、Fur、SIP、TbdR1和luxE基因）,SS-RA5和SS-RA6为血清11型,缺失AS87_04050基因,仅含有上述其余7种毒力基因;动物回归试验结果显示,攻毒组雏鸭均全部死亡,对照组雏鸭未表现明显临床症状,表明6株分离菌对雏鸭均有致病力;药敏试验结果显示,6株分离菌仅对羧苄西林、哌拉西林、头孢他啶、头孢氨苄、头孢曲松、头孢拉定和头孢哌酮7种抗菌药物敏感,对其他13种抗菌药物均表现不同程度的耐药,对氨基糖苷类和大环内酯类抗菌药物的耐药率为100%。本试验成功分离得到6株RA,为贵州省三穗县鸭疫里默氏杆菌病的疫苗选择和药物防治提供理论依据。     

菌株Trametes hirsuta zlh237发酵液对污染土壤中多环芳烃的降解及群落结构分析

[目的]利用中国科学院微生物研究所真菌学国家重点实验室分离获得的菌株Trametes hirsuta zlh237,研究生物强化(接种菌株T.hirsuta zlh237发酵液)对污染土壤中3种多环芳烃(PAHs)[Phenanthrene、Pyrene和Benzo[a]pyrene(BaP)]的降解效果,为该菌株在PAHs污染土壤中的应用提供科学依据.[方法]采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测7个处理土壤(接种菌株T.hirsuta zlh237发酵液的Phenanthrene、Pyrene和BaP污染土壤分别标记为PheBA、PyrBA和BaPBA,接种灭菌发酵液的污染土壤分别标记为Phe、Pyr和BaP,原始土壤标记为CK)中3种PAHs含量,利用ABTS法检测土壤中漆酶活性,并运用高通量测序技术分析修复后土壤中细菌群落结构的变化.[结果]菌株T.hirsuta zlh237在3种PAHs污染土壤中均能生长,接种菌株发酵液15 d后,3种PAHs均有一定降解,其中BaP降解效果最佳,降解率达33.99%;且菌株T.hirsuta zlh237在3种污染土壤中均能分泌漆酶.高通量测序Alpha多样性指数分析结果表明,污染土壤接种菌株T.hirsuta zlh237发酵液后,Chao1指数和Shannon指数显著增加(P<0.05),不同处理土壤样品的Chao1指数和Shannon指数排序均为:PheBA>PyrBA>BaPBA>CK>Phe>Pyr>BaP.Beta多样性的主成分分析(PCA)结果表明,接种菌株T.hirsuta zlh237发酵液能改变污染土壤细菌群落结构组成;在门分类水平上,污染土壤样品中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为优势门;在属分类水平上,接种菌株T.hirsuta zlh237发酵液的污染土壤样品中鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)为优势菌属,接种灭菌发酵液的污染土壤Phe和Pyr样品中苯基杆菌属(Phenylobacterium)为优势菌属,而BaP样品中假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)为优势菌属.[结论]菌株T.hirsuta zlh237发酵液在PAHs污染土壤中能分泌漆酶,对3种PAHs均有一定的降解效果,且能改变污染土壤细菌群落结构组成,在一定程度上对PAHs污染土壤有较好的修复效果.     

喹诺酮类(吡哌酸、诺氟沙星)药物的热分解特性研究

分别采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)、热重法(TG)和微分热重法(DTG),研究了喹诺酮类(吡哌酸、诺氟沙星)抗菌药的热分解动力学过程,计算了其热分解动力学参数——活化能(E),分析了其热分解机理,并剖析了喹诺酮类药物有机结构上的差异。     

Physiological response of flag leaf and yield formation of winter wheat under different spring restrictive irrigation regimes in the Haihe Plain,China

In order to identify the optimum period of spring water-restrictive irrigation for winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) in the Haihe Plain, China and elucidate its effects on flag leaf senescence and yield formation, field experiments were conducted at the Xinji Experimental Station of Hebei Agricultural University from 2016 to 2019 by using different irrigation regimes in spring, including the conventional regime involving two irrigation periods(control(CK), the 3-leaf unfolding stage and the anthesis stage) and a series of single, restrictive irrigation regimes(SRI) comprising irrigation at the 3-leaf unfolding stage(3 LI), 4 LI, 5 LI, and 6 LI. There are five major findings:(1) The senescence(determined by the green leaf area, GLA) in the 4 LI treatment occurred moderately earlier than that in CK, showed no significant difference with that in 5 LI and 6 LI, and occurred significantly later than that in 3 LI.(2) Compared with other SRI treatments, the GLA value and photosynthetic rate in 4 LI were 14.82 and 20.1% higher, respectively. Microstructural analysis of flag leaf also revealed that the mesophyll cells and chloroplasts were irregularly arranged under drought stress in 3 LI and 6 LI; however, drought stress had minimal negative effects on the microstructure in 4 LI and 5 LI.(3) Postponed irrigation in spring could significantly increase superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) activities in the early stage of grain filling; however, these activities would subsequently decrease. Among the four SRI treatments, the overall enzyme activities were the highest in 4 LI, and the combined malondialdehyde(MDA) content in flag leaves in 4 LI and 5 LI was 14.5% lower on average than that in 3 LI and 6 LI.(4) The soluble sugar(SS) and proline(Pro) contents in 4 LI were the highest among the four SRI treatments; however, they were lower than those in CK. The abscisic acid(ABA) hormone content in 4 LI and 5 LI was lower than that in 3 LI and 6 LI, respectively, suggesting a smaller drought stress effect in 4 LI and 5 LI.(5) In two growing seasons, there was a larger number of spikes per unit area in 4 LI(i.e., 13.4% higher than that in 5 LI and 6 LI) and the 1 000-grain weight in 4 LI was the highest among the four SRI treatments(i.e., 6.0% higher than that in the other three SRI treatments). Therefore, a single restrictive irrigation regime at the 4-leaf unfolding stage is recommended to be effective in slowing down the senescence process of flag leaves and achieving high yield.     

不同灌水处理下土壤水分动态及玉米水分利用效率研究

试验以郑单958和浚单20为试材,研究了田间不同灌水处理对土壤贮水量动态变化和玉米水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:表层土壤贮水量受降水影响较大,30～60 cm土壤水分含量在整个生育时期内变化最为剧烈,80～100 cm土壤整个生育时期水分含量稳定,无灌溉处理的耗水深度主要集中在60～100 cm土层。抗旱品种郑单958产量受灌水量的影响较小。浚单20灌水比不灌水处理平均增产8.02%。玉米2品种处理水分利用效率一般以不灌水处理较高,灌水处理水分利用效率均值比不灌水处理降低51.18%。因此,在水资源紧张的太行山山前平原区,选用抗旱玉米品种并灌水1次,即可减少农田耗水,又能保证较好的作物产量。