浅析内蒙古乌海龙游湾国家湿地公园野生动物资源动态变化

文章通过对内蒙古乌海龙游湾国家湿地公园野生动物资源2013年与2018年调查结果的比较,得出湿地公园经过5 a的建设管理,鱼类、两栖类和爬行类动物资源种类基本稳定不变,野生鸟类资源变化较大,对野生动物资源变化原因进行了分析。     

广东花生黑腐病病原菌鉴定及防治药剂的室内毒力测定

花生黑腐病是花生的重要病害,对生产造成严重影响,被列为我国进境植物检疫性病害。为明确花生黑腐病的病原菌种类和筛选有效防治药剂,采用形态学特征与分子生物学技术相结合的方法,对花生黑腐病害进行了病原菌鉴定,同时采用菌丝生长速率法测定了8种杀菌剂对花生黑腐病菌的抑制作用。结果表明：花生黑腐病害的病原菌为冬青丽赤壳Calonectria iliciola。8种杀菌剂室内毒力测定结果显示,10%戊唑醇EC对花生黑腐病菌的毒力最强,EC₅₀值为1.12 μg/mL;300 g/L苯甲·丙环唑EC、29%吡萘嘧菌酯SC、25%咯菌腈SC、15%吡唑嘧菌酯SC和22.5%啶氧菌酯SC对花生黑腐病菌也有较好的抑制作用,EC₅₀均低于10 μg/mL;30%精甲恶霉灵的抑制作用最差,EC₅₀值为76.71 μg/mL。以上研究结果可为花生黑腐病的防治提供理论依据。     

杂交水稻光合和荧光特性对高CO2浓度的动态响应

为探究大气二氧化碳 (CO₂) 浓度增高对杂交水稻光合和荧光特性的动态影响,利用开放式空气中CO₂浓度增高(FACE)系统,研究高CO₂浓度对大田水稻不同生育期叶片光合和荧光参数的动态影响及其种间差异。以高产杂交组合甬优2640和Y两优2号为试验材料,设置环境CO₂和高CO₂浓度2个水平,测定2个品种气体交换和荧光参数。结果表明,大气CO₂浓度升高使2个品种平均叶片净光合速率(Pn)在移栽后30、59、76、91和108 d分别增加25%、16%、25%、18%和8%,除移栽后108 d外,均达极显著水平(P<0.01);甬优2640移栽后76和91 d叶片Pn对CO₂的响应明显大于Y两优2号。除灌浆末期外,CO₂浓度升高使2个品种叶片气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均呈下降趋势,且Y两优2号的降幅多大于甬优2640。CO₂熏蒸下叶片气孔部分关闭,但叶片胞间与周围空气中CO₂浓度之比无显著变化,甚至明显增加。大气CO₂浓度升高使2个品种灌浆末期PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量均下降4%,但对其他各期均无显著影响;除灌浆末期外,CO₂浓度升高使PSⅡ实际光量子产量和光化学猝灭均显著增加。两杂交组合叶片光合参数对高CO₂浓度的动态响应多存在种间差异,但荧光参数的响应品种间差异较小。本研究结果为增强气候假定情景下水稻响应的预测能力并制订应对策略提供了依据。     

臭氧胁迫对不同敏感型水稻干物质积累与分配的影响

【目的】研究臭氧胁迫对不同敏感型水稻物质生产与分配的影响,为耐性水稻品种的选育提供参考。【方法】利用自然光气体熏蒸平台,以23个水稻品种或株系为供试材料,设置室内对照(臭氧浓度为10 nL/L)和臭氧浓度增高臭氧浓度为(100 nL/L)处理,研究臭氧胁迫对水稻成熟期地上部物质积累与分配的影响及其与最终生长量响应的关系。采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法,将所有供试材料按地上部最终生物量对臭氧胁迫的响应从小到大依次分为A、B和C三类不同敏感型水稻。【结果】与对照相比,臭氧胁迫使A、B和C类水稻成熟期地上部干质量平均分别下降19%、39%和52%,B和C类达极显著水平。臭氧胁迫使A类水稻成熟期叶片干质量略增,但使B类(–11%)、C类水稻(–25%)极显著下降。臭氧胁迫下A、B和C类水稻的茎秆和稻穗干质量均显著或极显著下降,其中茎秆干质量分别下降26%、41%和57%,稻穗干质量分别下降34%、59%和62%。臭氧胁迫使叶片占地上部干质量的比例大幅增加(+46%),而茎秆(–8%)和稻穗(–24%)占地上部干质量的比例极显著下降。臭氧处理与水稻类型对上述参数均有不同程度的交互作用,表现为A类水稻对臭氧的响应明显小于其他两类水稻。【结论】100 nL/L臭氧浓度严重影响水稻器官建成,减少光合产物向茎秆和稻穗的分配比例,但使叶片干质量比例大幅增加,臭氧熏蒸还导致茎秆机械强度明显下降。这些变化敏感水稻总体上较钝感类型水稻表现更为明显。     

正交试验设计中正交表的特点及正交的意义浅析

通过正交试验设计可以大大减少试验次数,得到不同因素水平的最优组合,从而确定合理的试验方案及工艺条件等,因此在科学研究中应用非常广泛。为了更深入地理解正交试验设计方法,以表和图的形式对正交试验设计的特点进行了详细分析;对正交性的意义、体现从向量信息不相关及向量内积计算的角度进行详细的分析及解释,以期为广大师生的学习及应用提供一定的帮助。     

Effects of berberine on the growth performance,antioxidative capacity and immune response to lipopolysaccharide challenge in broilers

This study evaluated the effects of berberine on growth performance, immunity, haematological parameters, antioxidant capacity, and the expression of immune response‐related genes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐challenged broilers. We assigned 120 one‐day‐old male broilers (Ross 308) to two treatment groups; each group included two subgroups, each of which included six replicates of five birds per replicate. The experiment used a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with berberine treatment (0 or 60 mg/kg dietary) and challenge status [injection of saline (9 g/L w/v) or LPS (1.5 mg/kg body weight)] as the main factors. On days 14, 16, 18 and 20, broilers were intraperitoneally injected with LPS or physiological saline. Blood and liver samples were collected on day 21. Dietary berberine supplementation significantly alleviated the compromised average daily gain and average daily feed intake (p < 0.05) caused by LPS. The LPS challenge led to increased lymphocyte and white blood cell (WBC) counts, malondialdehyde (serum and liver) content, and immunoglobulin G and M, tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) expression (p < 0.05) and significantly reduced serum total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD) activity (p < 0.05). Dietary berberine significantly mitigated the LPS‐induced decreases in the mRNA expression of nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB), TNF‐α, IL‐1β, inducible nitrite synthase and cyclooxygenase‐2 (p < 0.05) in the liver. In conclusion, berberine supplementation has a positive effect on LPS challenge, which may be related to the increase in antioxidant enzyme activity and inhibition of both NF‐κB signalling and the expression of inflammatory mediators.     

海水网箱养殖水域异养细菌和弧菌的数量动态

1996年4月至1997年5月对浙江奉化、象山海水网箱养殖水域采用MPN法进行异养细菌和弧菌数量的检测。结果表明,细菌数量的变化受外界环境的影响较为明显,7～9月份细菌数量明显高于其它月份,网箱内菌数高于网箱外菌数。从异养细菌和弧菌数量的周年变化看,细菌数量变化与网箱养殖鱼类疾病的发生有密切关系。菌数的高峰期也是鱼病的频繁发生期。利用检测养殖水域异养细菌和弧菌的数量可预测鱼病的发生。     

Effect of water temperature on the growth performance and digestive enzyme activities of Chinese longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris Günther)

The present study was carried out to investigate the influence of water temperature on the growth performance and digestive enzyme (pepsin, trypsin and lipase) activities of Chinese longsnout catfish. Triplicate groups of Chinese longsnout catfish (35.6±0.48 g, mean±SE) were reared at different water temperatures (20, 24, 28 and 32 °C). The feeding rate (FR), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) were significantly affected by water temperatures and regression relationships between water temperature and FI, SGR as well as FER were expressed as FR=−0.016 T ²+0.91 T −10.88 ( n =12, R ²=0.8752), SGR=−0.026 T ²+1.39 T −17.29 ( n =12, R ²=0.7599) and FER=−0.013 T ²+0.70 T −8.43 ( n =12, R ²=0.7272). Based on these, the optimum temperatures for FR, SGR and FER were 27.66, 26.69 and 26.44 °C respectively. The specific activities of digestive enzymes at 24 or 28 °C were significantly higher than that at 20 or 32 °C. In addition, there was a significant linear regression between FR or SGR and specific activities of pepsin and lipase, which indicated that pepsin and lipase played important roles in regulating growth through nutrient digestion in Chinese longsnout catfish.     

Effect of dietary inclusion of cottonseed meal on growth performance and physiological and immune responses in juvenile grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idellus

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacement of dietary fishmeal with cottonseed meal (CSM) on the growth performance and health status of juvenile grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus (6.67 g). Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated with different CSM levels (0, 121, 241, 362, 482 and 603 g/kg diet). The first limiting amino acid was methionine, which decreased with an increase in dietary CSM from 361 to 538 g/kg. When the dietary CSM content was lower than 241 g/kg, the limiting amino acid was histidine. Thermal growth coefficient (TGC) and feed efficiency first increased and then decreased (p < 0.05), which was consistent with the change in the limiting amino acid. The feeding rate increased with a rise in the dietary CSM level (p < 0.05). The activity of digestive enzymes except trypsin decreased significantly (p < 0.05), serum aminotransferase activity and triglycerides increased, serum cholesterol decreased (p < 0.05). When dietary CSM was raised to 362 g/kg, intestinal villi and hepatopancreas tissue were injured. When the dietary CSM was 603 g/kg, alternative complement pathway haemolytic activity was inhibited (p < 0.05). The gossypol level in dorsal muscles from each treatment was below the detection limit. Based on the quadratic regression analysis of the TGC, the optimal dietary CSM level was 175.9 g/kg, and the maximum could be up to 351.8 g/kg and still result in the same TGC as that of control group.     

鸡源益生菌JM-11菌株的胃肠道耐受及其抗腹泻的研究

本试验从健康的鸡盲肠内容物中筛选出具有较高抑菌活性的病源拮抗菌JM-11菌株,经形态、生理生化及16S rDNA序列鉴定此菌为枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis）。经耐受胃肠道环境及胆盐试验,结果表明,JM-11菌株能耐受0.3%的胆盐环境,在pH为3.0的人工胃液中能够很好的存活。利用抗生素打乱雏鸡肠道菌群后,饲喂致病性大肠杆菌来制作腹泻模型。经益生菌JM-11对腹泻雏鸡的治疗试验结果显示,JM-11能显著降低腹泻雏鸡粪便中的大肠杆菌的数量（P<0.01）,增加乳酸菌的数量(P<0.01),提高雏鸡免疫器官指数(P<0.05),对雏鸡具有安全无毒的作用。