水土保持农业技术措施分类初探

为进一步完善我国水土保持农业技术措施的分类体系,并服务于研究与生产,在论述水土保持农业技术措施的概念、分类现状基础上,依据措施实施的方式、作用和目标,并结合农艺环节,将水土保持农业技术划分为以改变微地形为主的蓄水保墒技术、以提高土壤抗蚀力为主的保护性耕作技术和以增加植物覆盖为主的栽培技术3大类,等高耕作、沟垄种植、坑田、半旱式耕作、深耕翻、保墒、覆盖、深松、少耕、培肥土壤、合理配置作物、播种保苗、栽培13个亚类和等高耕作等44个型,以供参考.     

干旱胁迫对盆栽“川丹参1号”生理指标及主要活性成分含量的影响

采用聚乙二醇（PEG-6000）对盆栽“川丹参1号”（CDS-1）模拟长期干旱胁迫,研究干旱胁迫对其生长情况、生理指标及主要活性成分积累的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫显著降低CDS-1叶片中叶绿素含量,可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量随干旱程度增加呈上升趋势,干旱胁迫下丙二醛含量显著增加,抗氧化酶（SOD、POD和CAT）活性随干旱胁迫程度增加而增加。活性成分分析表明,干旱胁迫后CDS-1根中酚酸和丹参酮类含量均有所上升,迷迭香酸和丹酚酸A含量在PEG-6000浓度为150g/L时最高,分别为CK的145%和175%,丹参酮类含量在PEG-6000浓度为50g/L时最高,增幅超60%。CDS-1在干旱胁迫下表现出适应性变化,轻度和中度干旱胁迫（PEG-6000浓度为50~100g/L）有利于CDS-1中酚酸和丹参酮类活性成分的积累,在实际生产中可通过科学控水保证和提高丹参药材的品质。     

Rice <Emphasis Type="Italic">terpene synthase 18</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">OsTPS18</Emphasis>) encodes a sesquiterpene synthase that produces an antibacterial (<Emphasis Type="Italic">E</Emphasis>)-nerolidol against a bacterial pathogen of rice

Plant volatile compounds, including terpenes, are known to be involved in the rice defense system. In the present analysis of a terpene synthase, OsTPS18, in rice, we found that OsTPS18 was localized in the cytoplasm and synthesized the sesquiterpenes (E)-nerolidol and (E)-β-farnesene. The amounts of (E)-nerolidol and (E)-β-farnesene increased after jasmonic acid (JA) treatment. (E)-Nerolidol had significant antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). These results suggest that (E)-nerolidol plays an important role in JA-induced resistance against Xoo and that it functions as an antibacterial compound in rice.     

Identification of favorable alleles in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">non</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">yellow coloring 1</Emphasis> gene by association mapping in maize

Association mapping was conducted to explore favorable alleles of the chlorophyll-related non-yellow coloring 1 (NYC1) gene under light and dark using an association panel of 146 maize inbred lines. A total of 14 polymorphic sites were identified to be significantly associated with at least one of the chlorophyll-related traits at the seedling stage. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (S320, S2951, S3901, and S3355) from the NYC1 gene were respectively strongly associated with chlorophyll b (chlb), the ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b (chl_ratio), chlorophyll a degradation (chla_deg), and total chlorophyll degradation (total_chl_deg). SNPs S320 (C/A) in exon 1, and S2951 (A/G) in intron 8 was related to chlb, with 6.01 and 8.89% of phenotypic variation under light treatment, respectively. Under dark treatment, SNP S3901 (C/T), located in 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR), was associated with chl_ratio, explaining 7.01% of the observed phenotypic variation, whereas SNP S3355 (C/G) in intron 9 explained 6.48 and 5.18% of phenotypic variations in chla_deg and total_chl_deg, respectively. Taken together, these results indicated that the NYC1 gene plays an important role in chlorophyll content and other related traits, and different sites act on chlorophyll metabolism under different light intensities in maize seedlings. Furthermore, these findings improve our understanding of the genetic basis of chlorophyll metabolism under different light conditions.     

循环水养殖密度和氨氮对斜带石斑鱼生长和免疫力的影响

选取平均体重为146.3 g/尾的斜带石斑鱼450尾分成3个密度组进行饲养,分别为低密度组D1(100尾/m³,14.6 kg/m³)、中密度组D2(150尾/m³,21.7 kg/m³)和高密度组D3(200 尾/m³,29.5 kg/m³),比较不同养殖密度引起的水质变化对斜带石斑鱼的生长性能、摄食率和免疫力的影响。结果表明：水体中氨氮含量随斜带石斑鱼养殖密度的增加而增加(P<0.05);斜带石斑鱼的摄食率随水体中氨氮浓度的增加而显著下降(P<0.05)。随着养殖密度的增加,斜带石斑鱼的生长速度呈现负相关性,各试验组的特定生长率分别为1.07、0.66、0.47;各实验组斜带石斑鱼体重也出现显著性差异(P<0.05),各实验组的尾均增重量分别为118.5 g、63.3 g和44.1 g;养殖密度对斜带石斑鱼的饵料系数和成活率无显著影响(P>0.05);斜带石斑鱼的免疫指标血清溶菌酶(LZM)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)随养殖密度的增加而下降,随养殖时间的延长呈现出先上升后下降的趋势。阐明了养殖密度引起养殖水质状况的改变,继而影响斜带石斑鱼摄食率的变化,从而造成石斑鱼的生长性能出现显著性差异,可能是养殖密度对斜带石斑鱼生长性能影响的机制之一。     

流行文化对高校学生价值观的影响及对策

随着信息的快速发展,文化的交流沟通也是进步迅速,受到当代网络文化的冲击,流行 文化也逐渐步入大学校园。大学生应该学会用正确的态度对待流行文化,教育者也应该采取适 当的措施减少流行文化的消极影响,不能一昧的抵制一切流行文化。对于这个问题,从大学生、 教育者和学校三方面可以提出解决办法,尽量减少流行文化的消极影响,让大学校园更加适合 学生的学习和成长。     

江苏省土壤有机质含量时空变异特征及驱动力研究

土壤有机质(SOM)含量是估算土壤碳储量、评价土壤肥力的重要指标,研究SOM时空演变对评估区域土壤固碳潜力,实现土壤可持续利用具有重要意义。以江苏省为例,利用全国第二次土壤普查资料和2006年采样数据,基于地统计学方法和GIS技术,对比研究了1980 - 2006年全省范围内表层(0 ~ 20 cm)SOM含量的时空变异特征及其驱动因子。结果表明：1980年和2006年江苏省SOM平均含量分别为16.55 ± 8.50 g kg^-1和18.31 ± 8.32 g kg^-1,变异系数分别为51.36%和45.44%。两个时期SOM的变异函数均符合指数模型,块金系数由51.85%增加为56.52%,变程由71.55 km减少至37.83 km,SOM含量的空间自相关性减弱,自相关距离减小。1980-2006年,SOM含量空间分布呈现出北增南减,沿江平原增,宁镇丘陵减,滨海平原基本持平的空间格局,增加幅度由北向南逐渐减小。SOM含量的初始值影响其空间格局的演变,总体上呈现初始SOM含量的高值降低、低值增加的趋势。肥料的大量使用在提高粮食产量的同时也增加了作物残茬和根系的生物量;秸秆还田的大力推行,使得大量的有机物质进入土壤,促进了SOM的累积。不同的土地利用变化对SOM含量变化的作用不同,土地利用方式转变成水田、旱地和林地促进了SOM的增加,而转变成荒地后导致SOM含量下降。     

Effect of ammonia and nitrite on vigour,survival rate,moulting rate of the blue swimming crab <Emphasis Type=Italic>Portunus pelagicus</Emphasis> zoea

The effects of ammonia and nitrite on vigour, survival rate, moulting rate of zoea of blue swimming crab, Portunus pelagicus, were studied. A total of five nitrite-N treatments (26.67, 53.34, 106.68, 213.36, 426.72 mg/l) and a control (no nitrite-N added) were set up for the acute nitrite-N toxicity experiment; a total of five ammonia-N treatments (8.43, 16.86, 33.72, 67.44, 134.88 mg/l) and a control (no ammonia-N added) were set up for the acute ammonia-N toxicity experiment. The results showed that the vigour, survival rate and moulting rate of zoea of the blue swimming crabs exposed to over 53.34 mg/l were significantly different (P < 0.05) from the control group. The zoea LC₅₀ values (mg/l) of nitrite-N were 179.47, 76.56, 66.70, 37.49, 25.01, 25.35, 25.34 mg/l for 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 h, respectively. The vigour, survival rate and moulting rate of zoea of the blue swimming crabs exposed to over 16.86 mg/l were significantly different (P < 0.05) from the control group. The zoea LC₅₀ values (mg/l) of ammonia-N were 51.04, 39.62, 38.72, 24.43, 16.90, 13.42, 11.16 mg/l for 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 h, respectively. The zoeae are highly sensitive to ammonia and nitrite, and the toxicity of ammonia and nitrite on Portunus pelagicus decrease with development of this crab.