变电站典型故障智能研判的实践与探索

变电站集中监控后,监控员对故障信息的筛和选提取以及分析判断汇报只能完全依赖于经验和业务水平,致使监控员的故障处置效率降低。针对这一现状,嘉兴地调利用电网故障类型和监控信息的归纳性,结合电网设备配置原则、设备操作轨迹和继电保护安全自动装置整定原则,对变电站典型故障智能研判进行实践与探索,建立了《变电站集中监控设备典型告警信息规则库》,协助监控员快速筛选提取重要有效信息,并分析判断汇报设备故障异常,实现了变电站典型故障初步智能研判,并以线路单一故障为切入点,开发了在线诊断和告警软件,故障信息的筛选提取以及分析判断工作都将由软件自动完成,实现了变电站线路单一故障的智能研判,大大提升了监控员的事故应急处置效率。     

广西巴马小型猪CTGF基因真核表达载体构建 及其相关生物信息学分析

[目的]构建广西巴马小型猪结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)基因真核表达载体并鉴定其活性,为深入研究CT-GF在癌症发生中的作用及其分子机制提供参考,也为构建CTGF转基因广西巴马小型猪及研发基于CTGF的癌症基因治疗策略提供理论依据.[方法]利用RT-PCR从广西巴马小型猪肝脏组织中克隆CTGF基因,并将CTGF基因亚克隆到pDsRed-N1载体上,然后通过脂质体转染小鼠Hep3B细胞,转染48 h后于荧光显微镜下观察细胞是否表达红色荧光蛋白,同时利用在线生物信息学软件对其理化性质进行分析.[结果]成功克隆获得广西巴马小型猪CTGF基因编码区(CDS)序列,序列全长1050 bp,共编码349个氨基酸,与NCBI上已公布普通猪参考序列的同源性为99.5%,有5处碱基突变,且均为同义突变.将广西巴马小型猪CTGF基因亚克隆到pDsRed-N1载体上成功构建了阅读框架正确的广西巴马小型猪CTGF基因真核表达载体,转染小鼠Hep3B细胞48 h后有红色荧光蛋白表达.广西巴马小型猪CTGF蛋白具有较强的亲水性,其二级结构中α-螺旋、β-折叠、延伸链和无规则卷曲各占13.18%、5.73%、17.48%和63.61%.[结论]广西巴马小型猪CTGF基因在进化过程中的保守性非常稳定,通过构建的真核表达载体能转染小鼠Hep3B细胞并成功表达,可用于生产转基因广西巴马小型猪及研发与CTGF基因有关的疾病模型.     

9YYB12型青饲料打捆缠膜一体机落料回送总成的设计

为了满足9YYB12型青饲料打捆缠膜一体机的设计要求,解决传统打捆缠膜过程中未成捆物料散落造成的浪费问题,设计了一种融合料捆输送、包膜驱动及落料回送功能于一体的落料回送总成。简述了9YYB型青饲料打捆缠膜一体机的结构原理和设计思路,利用三维软件Solid Works对底盘进行了参数化建模,重点完成了对落料回送总成的设计、计算和建模分析。最后,完成了对落料回送总成的试验验证,为后续打捆缠膜一体机底盘和整机的优化设计奠定了基础。     

圆盘式开沟机抛土性能的研究

近年来,新疆的果园开沟装备较过去人工开沟得到了跨越式发展,一个完备的技术体系正在逐步建立,但受功耗高、效率低、回流多等因素制约,果园开沟装备在稳定性方面仍存在许多不足,严重影响开沟性能。为此,有必要对适用于新疆矮、密种植模式的果园圆盘式开沟技术进行一个系统总结与分析,为后续开沟的技术装备研发指明方向。为此,分析了国内外旋耕机对抛撒轨迹的研究现状,总结了目前已有的正转旋耕模型和反转旋耕模型两种旋耕模型研究现状,分析了基于MatLab、Simulink、高速摄像机、高速数字图像采集和图像处理等技术对盘式开沟机开沟刀具运动、土块单元运动情况,并探究了影响圆盘式开沟机抛洒轨迹的的主要因素,展望了未来果园圆盘式开沟技术装备发展方向。     

Possibility of using a SPAD chlorophyll meter to establish a normalized threshold index of nitrogen status in different potato cultivars

Leaf SPAD values are thought to be an indicator of potato nitrogen (N) status; however, when making plant N diagnosis, no single threshold leaf SPAD value can be used for all potato cultivars because of cultivar variation. We conducted field experiments over 3?years to test whether the difference in SPAD values between the upper and lower leaves was consistent among potato cultivars, and whether this value responded to N application levels. The results showed cultivar affects the SPAD values of the fourth and eighth leaves (SPAD_L4 and SPAD_L8), but not SPAD_L4-8, the difference between SPAD_L4 and SPAD_L8. Moreover, the SPAD_L4-8 values responded well to N application levels. Therefore the SPAD_L4-8 could be applied as a general index of N status across different potato cultivars, and establishing a threshold SPAD_L4-8 value might be more useful in guiding N fertilization recommendations for different potato cultivars.     

Evaluation and scenario simulation for forest ecological security in China

Continuously growing populations and rapid economic development have led to the excessive use of forest resources,and the forest ecosystem is threatened.In response,forest ecological security(FES)has attracted attention.In this study,an integrated dynamic simulation model was constructed using the system dynamic method,and it was used to evaluate the FES in China from 1999 to 2014.A scenario analysis was then used to evaluate the changes in the FES under five forestry policy scenarios for the 2015–2050 period,including the baseline,afforestation policy,harvesting policies,management policy,investment policy,and a policy mix.The results showed that the evaluation values of the FES increased during the period from 1999 to 2002,the period from 2004 to 2010 and the year 2014,and they decreased in 2003 and during the period from 2011 to 2013.During the 2015–2050 simulation period,the FES improved continuously.In particular,China would enter a new stage when the economic systems,social systems and ecosystems were in harmony after 2040.To improve the FES and the current status of the FES,a scenario analysis showed the most suitable scenario to be Scenario 5 from 2015 to 2020 and Scenario 2 from 2021 to 2050.To relieve pressure,the most suitable scenario would be Scenario 5 from 2015 to 2040 and from 2046 to 2050,and the most suitable scenario would be Scenario 4 for 2041–2045.A policy mix(Scenario 5)would be most efficient under current conditions,while the effects of all the benefits of the forestry policies would weaken over the long term.The integrated method can be regarded as a decision support tool to help policy makers understand FES and promulgate a reasonable forestry policy.     

雄安新区上游农业种植结构及需水时空演变

本文利用作物模型模拟小麦、玉米灌溉需水量,结合蒸发皿法估算蔬菜、果树等其他作物需水量,回溯雄安新区上游1986-2015年农业种植结构及农业需水的时空演变趋势,摸清不同作物的需水量比例及时间变化,并推算了消除降水年际波动的1970-2015年农作物灌溉需水量,探讨单纯人类活动下的农业需水量变化趋势。结果表明,1986-2015年,研究区作物播种总面积总体呈上升趋势,耕地面积多年平均84.9万hm²,有效灌溉面积平均71.3万hm²,占总耕地面积的84%。其中小麦播种面积稍有下降,玉米、蔬菜播种面积显著增加,果树种植比例在山区增加、平原区减少。研究区多年平均灌溉需水量22.52×10⁸ m³,小麦、玉米、蔬菜、果树和其他作物分别占灌溉需水总量的58.6%、12.6%、5.8%、16.3%和6.7%,受播种面积增加影响,1970-2015年,蔬菜和果树需水显著上升。从空间上来看,灌溉需水总量在上游山区上升显著,而在平原区表现为下降;排除降水的年际波动后,研究区作物需水自1970年以来一直呈上升趋势,进入20世纪80年代中期,虽然整体上升减缓,但随农业播种总面积增加和蔬菜、水果需水增加影响,需水量整体呈缓慢上升趋势。因此,控制上游农业用水,种植低耗水作物、减少耗水作物的种植面积,是恢复雄安新区清水产流的关键。     

连续种植不同绿肥的土壤团聚体碳分布及其固持特征

为探讨连续种植绿肥对土壤团聚体碳的影响,以箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa L.)、肥田萝卜(Raphanussativus L.)、蓝花苕子(Viciacracca L.)、毛叶苕子(Viciavillosa Roth)、光叶苕子(Viciavillosa var.)为研究对象,分析连续种植不同绿肥条件下的土壤团聚体碳含量、分布、富集及固持特征。结果表明:清耕条件下的土壤有机碳含量在空间分布上变化较小,种植的绿肥作物不同使得土壤有机碳含量、土壤团聚体有机碳含量在空间分布上产生变化,在0～20 cm土层中,光叶苕子提升效果较为明显,而在20～40 cm土层中肥田萝卜提升效果较为明显,其中,两者对5～0.25 mm粒径的土壤团聚体碳含量提升最为显著。土壤团聚体碳含量随着粒径减小而呈现下降的趋势,各粒径土壤有机碳的富集系数在1.23与0.88之间,且随着粒径的减小呈现下降的趋势,在1 mm粒径中,几乎所有处理富集系数均大于1,处于积累状态,0.25 mm粒径的团聚体碳贡献率占了80%以上,其中5 mm粒径的碳贡献率最大,且在不同绿肥之间差异较大,0.5～0.25 mm粒径的碳贡献率最小。连续种植绿肥,土壤总有机碳的积累随着各粒径土壤团聚体有机碳含量的增加而增加,总有机碳与5～0.5 mm粒径的团聚体碳含量显著相关,且5～1 mm粒级土壤团聚体的增加对土壤总有机碳积累的影响较为突出,连续种植绿肥促进了有机碳在大团聚体中的固持。     

去除取样法估算鳄蜥的种群数量

一直以来对野外鳄蜥种群数量的调查主要使用样线法和标志重捕法。为了更好地估算鳄蜥的种群数量,本研究在2016年7月25日至31日使用去除取样法对广西大桂山鳄蜥国家级保护区内鱼散冲的1.9 km的样线进行了调查。结果显示,鱼散冲的鳄蜥种群数量为101只,种群密度为53只/km。鳄蜥由于其特殊的栖息环境和生活习性,适合于采用去除取样法调查其种群数量和密度。     

Effects of topography on soil organic carbon stocks in grasslands of a semiarid alpine region,northwestern China

Purpose

Soil organic carbon (SOC) in mountainous regions is characterized by strong topography-induced heterogeneity, which may contribute to large uncertainties in regional SOC stock estimation. However, the quantitative effects of topography on SOC stocks in semiarid alpine grasslands are currently not well understood. Therefore, the purpose of this research study is to determine the role of topography in shaping the spatial patterns of SOC stocks.

Materials and methods

Soils from the summit, shoulder, backslope, footslope, and toeslope positions along nine toposequences within three elevation-dependent grassland types (i.e., montane desert steppe at ~?2450 m, montane steppe at ~?2900 m, and subalpine meadow at ~?3350 m) are sampled at four depths (0–10, 10–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm). SOC content, bulk density, soil texture, soil water content, and grassland biomass are determined. The general linear model (GLM) is employed to quantify the effects of topography on the SOC stocks. Ordinary least squares regressions are performed to explore the underlying relationships between SOC stocks and the other edaphic factors.

Results and discussion

In accordance with the present results, the SOC stocks at 0–60 cm show an increasing trend in respect to the elevation zone, with the highest stock being approximately 37.70 g m^?2 in the subalpine meadow, about 2.07 and 3.41 times larger than that in the montane steppe and montane desert steppe, respectively. Along the toposequences, it is revealed the SOC stocks are maximal at toeslope, reaching to 14.98, 31.76, and 49.52 kg m^?2, which are also significantly larger than those at the shoulder by a factor of 1.38, 2.31, and 1.44, in montane desert steppe, montane steppe, and subalpine meadow, respectively. Topography totally is seen to explain about 84% of the overall variation in SOC stocks, of which 70.61 and 9.74% are attributed to elevation zone and slope position, while the slope aspect and slope gradient are seen to plausibly explain only about 1.84 and 0.01%, respectively.

Conclusions

The elevation zone and the slope position are seen to markedly shape the spatial patterns of the SOC stocks, and thus, they may be considered as key indicating factors in constructing the optimal SOC estimation model in such semiarid alpine grasslands.