短穗兔耳草的克隆生长特征

以调查统计的方法研究了高寒草甸匍匐茎植物短穗兔耳草Lagotis brachystachya无性系的生长特征、形态特征以及能量分配规律,研究结果表明:匍匐茎只有1条的短穗兔耳草最多,占60．47％,匍匐茎有4条的短穗兔耳草只占6．98％。在牧草生长盛期,短穗兔耳草无性系的基株高度4．03 cm,根长为9．11 cm,叶数为7．98;分株高度0．85 cm,根长2．73 cm,叶数为3．08;匍匐茎的茎生叶数为12．54,长度为15.14 cm,匍匐茎比节间重为2．18 mg／cm,粗度为0．97 mm,不同构件的干质量呈现出基株>匍匐茎>分株>茎生叶的规律。随着匍匐茎数目的增多,短穗兔耳萆无性系的基株根长逐渐增加,用于克隆繁殖的能量投资也有增加的趋势,其他参数都没有明显的变化规律。     

日粮中添加角黄素和阿卜酯对母鸡产蛋性能和蛋黄颜色的影响

研究日粮中添加角黄素和阿卜酯及日粮总着色素量对蛋鸡产蛋性能、蛋黄颜色和1日龄雏鸡脚胫部皮肤着色的影响。按照3×3因子设计试验分为9个处理,每个处理70只蛋鸡,分别饲喂添加有角黄素(25mg、50mg和100mg)和阿卜酯(25mg、50mg和100mg)的日粮,试验42天。结果表明,日粮中添加角黄素明显降低产蛋率、蛋重和饲料报酬,对受精率无明显影响;添加阿卜酯可提高种蛋受精率,而对产蛋率、蛋重和饲料报酬无明显影响。角黄素和阿卜酯使蛋黄和1日龄雏鸡脚胫皮肤着黄色显著加深,蛋黄的黄色程度与日粮总着色素含量呈高度正相关(R=0.95),1日龄雏鸡脚胫部皮肤黄色程度与蛋黄的黄色程度呈高度正相关(r=0.96)。     

Influence of dietary feathers on the fecal microbiota in captive Arctic fox: Do dietary hair or feathers play a role in the evolution of carnivorous mammals?

Hair and feathers are composed of keratin and are indigestible, inalimental and unpalatable for carnivores. However, carnivores often ingest hair and feathers during feeding or when grooming. We hypothesized that ingestion of hair and feathers changes species diversity and relative abundance of bacteria in the gut of carnivores. To test this hypothesis, we added disinfected poultry down feathers to the normal diet of captive Arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus). We then used fluorescently labeled terminal restriction fragments (T‐RFs) to examine changes in fecal bacterial diversity and abundance. The results showed that the number of bacterial species increased significantly after feather ingestion, but that total abundance was unchanged. This demonstrated that addition of disinfected feathers to the diet stimulated increased production among less abundant bacteria, resulting in a balancing of relative abundance of different bacterial species, or that some newly‐ingested microbial species would colonize the gut because a suitable microhabitat had become available. This implies that the overall production of bacterial metabolites would be made up of a greater range of substances after feather ingestion. On one hand, the host's immune response would be more diverse, increasing the capacity of the immune system to regulate gut microflora. On the other hand, the animal's physiological performance would also be affected. For wild animals, such altered physiological traits would be subjected to natural selection, and, hence, persistent geographic differences in the character of ingested feathers or fur would drive speciation.     

Effects of animal liver and bile extracts on biochemical values of rat ethanol‐induced fatty liver

The purposes of this study were to assess the improvement of fatty liver induced by ethanol with animal liver and bile extracts. This research aimed to increase the economic values of animal liver and bile extracts and used these to reduce damage of ethanol‐induced fatty liver. Extracts came from animal liver and bile, including pig bile powder, pig liver extract, a mixture of pig bile powder and pig liver extract, chicken bile powder, chicken liver extract, and a mixture of chicken bile powder and chicken liver extract, and these were fed to Long‐Evans rats. The results showed that rats fed ethanol for long terms could increase values of aspartate transaminase, cholesterol, γ‐glutamy‐transferase and alkaline phosphatase. Pig bile powder could decrease the values of aspartate transaminase, cholesterol and γ‐glutamy‐transferase. The significances also decreased on aspartate transaminase, γ‐glutamy‐transferase and aspartate transaminase, which were carried out with the pig liver extract treatment. These results suggest pig bile and liver extracts have high potential to improve rats' ethanol‐induced fatty liver with serum biochemical parameters.     

一株山羊支原体山羊肺炎亚种的分离鉴定与分子特征

从送检的山羊肺炎肺脏中成功分离到一株支原体，经过3次克隆纯化后进行生化试验、电镜观察、PCR及酶切、基因特征鉴定，结果显示分离物SD3属于山羊支原体山羊肺炎亚种成员。将培养物经气管接种2只山羊可引起1只山羊典型发病，体温升高至41．5℃，IgG和IgM抗体效价明显升高，其中IgG抗体变化与临床表现基本同步。剖检发现肺脏发生严重病变，并从中再次分离到该病原体。     

Effects of CpG-B ODN on the protein expression profile of swine PBMC

The CpG motif within bacterial DNA is a potent immuno-stimulatory moiety. Here, using a 2-D electrophoretic approach, we investigated the effect of synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide containing a B type CpG motif (CpG-B ODN) on the protein expression profile of swine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). We found that several proteins including spondin 1, N-acetolactate alpha linked acidic dipeptidase; V kappa light chain, T cell receptor variable alpha chain, heat shock protein (Hsp) 60, Hsp70, KIAA0857 protein, and PNAS-146 were up-regulated in PBMC by CpG-B ODN stimulation. Further studies showed that CpG-B ODN-mediated Hsp60, Hsp70 and Hsp90 expressions were closely associated with the TLR9 signalling pathway. Pretreatment with inhibitors of Hsp70, Hsp90 and TLR9 all blocked the CpG-B ODN-mediated anti-apoptotic effect in swine PBMC. These results suggest that CpG-B ODN treatment of swine PBMC may enhance the expression of biologically active proteins, notably spondin 1, V kappa light chain, T cell receptor variable alpha chain and Hsps, which may play an important role in CpG-B ODN-mediated activation of immune responses and enhancement of swine PBMC survival.     

热应激对荷斯坦牛与荷-娟F1牛抗氧化能力的影响

临床健康的荷斯坦乳牛和荷斯坦牛-娟姗牛杂交F1牛(荷-娟F1)各20头,分为2组,分别于冬季12月份(牛舍日平均气温为10.35℃,THI为47.24)和次年夏季7月份(牛舍日平均气温为38.07℃,THI为82.61)条件下,研究热应激对血清中丙二醛(MDA)含量,总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活力,总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)的影响。结果表明:热应激期间荷-娟F1血清中MDA含量显著低于荷斯坦牛(P<0.05);T-SOD活力显著高于荷斯坦牛(P<0.05);T-AOC有升高的趋势但差异不显著(P>0.05)。在非热应激期间,荷-娟F1与荷斯坦牛相比血清中的MDA含量、T-SOD活力和T-AOC均无显著差异(P>0.05)。荷-娟F1和荷斯坦牛在热应激期间的血清中MDA含量、T-SOD活力与非热应激期差异均极显著(P<0.01),荷斯坦牛血清中T-AOC差异显著(P<0.05),而荷-娟F1血清中T-AOC差异不显著(P>0.05)。由此表明,热应激对乳牛的抗氧化能力产生显著的影响;热应激期间荷-娟F1的抗氧化能力高于荷斯坦牛,更能适应热带和亚热带地区高温高湿的气候条件。     

奶牛酸中毒:蹄叶炎的暗示

奶牛乳酸中毒是和瘤胃内增加大量乳酸相关联的，而乳酸来自于含有瘤胃高发酵的碳水化合物日粮，或合有较低的有效纤维的牧草，或两者都有之。其症状包括两个分别不同的解剖区域，就是胃肠道和体液，同时又是和乳酸的产生、利用和吸收的效率和程度相关。临床表现的范围包括失去食欲到动物死亡。当瘤胃中的乳酸利用菌不断减少而乳酸产生菌不断增多时，乳酸就在瘤胃中聚集。酸中毒对动物身体生理学的系统影响有几方面，其中包括蹄叶炎，这是一种真皮弥漫性无菌性炎症。尽管营养是其发病基础，但病因学分析其起因包含大量的相互作用的因子，如代谢和消化紊乱，产后应激以及局部创伤等，这些因子又引起血管活性物质的释放从而导致脚部的退化变质。蹄叶炎的严重程度和酸中毒损害的频率、强度和持续时间相关。最主要的问题就是持续的脚部供血不足，导致趾间的局部缺血。由于高产奶量的牛群需要更多的能量从而频繁面对亚临床酸中毒和蹄叶炎的威胁，而良好的管理对预防蹄叶炎是相当重要的，好的饲喂和饲养管理可以减少疾病的发病率。     

奶牛隐孢子虫病流行病学调查及初生犊牛感染试验

应用饱和糖溶液漂浮法和改良抗酸染色法调查郑州、商丘和洛阳3个地区的5个奶牛场、2个专业村的582份粪样，查出阳性样品64份，隐孢子虫总阳性率11％（64／582），发现两种不同形态的卵囊，根据其形态结构等特点鉴定为小球隐孢子虫（C．parvum）和安氏隐孢子虫（C．andersoni）。其中2个场奶牛感染安氏隐孢子虫，有1个场的奶牛感染小球隐孢子虫，且感染强度较小。犊牛感染率较育成牛、成年牛高。并进行小球隐孢子虫分离株对初生犊牛的致病性试验，其结果为潜隐期7天，排卵囊高峰出现在感染后第16天，高峰期5天。剖检后消化道黏膜经抗酸染色鉴定，仅在回肠中段发现卵囊。