Differential expression of molecular rust resistance components have distinctive profiles in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coffea arabica</Emphasis> - <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hemileia vastatrix</Emphasis> interactions

Countering the economic hurdle caused by coffee leaf rust disease is most appealing at this time as it has posed a major threat to coffee production around the world. Establishing differential expression profiles at different times following pathogen invasion in both innate and acquired immunities unlocks the molecular components of resistance and susceptibility. Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was used to identify genes differentially over-expressed and repressed during incompatible and compatible interactions between Coffea arabica and Hemileia vastatrix. From 433 clones of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) sequenced, 352 were annotated and categorized of which the proportion of genes expressed during compatible interaction were relatively smaller. The result showed upregulation and downregulation of various genes at 12 and 24 h after pathogen inoculation in both interactions. The use of four different databases in searching for gene homology resulted in different number of similar sequences. BLASTx against EMBL-EBI (European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute) database being with the maximum (100%) hits for all the annotated sequences. RT-qPCR analysis of seven resistance-signaling genes showed similar expression patterns for most of the genes in both interactions, indicating these genes are involved in basal (non-specific) defense during which immune reactions are similar. Using SSH, we identified different types of resistance related genes that could be used for further studies towards resistant cultivar development. The potential role of some of the resistance related proteins found were also discussed.     

Recovery of fungicide-resistant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Botrytis</Emphasis> isolates from strawberry nursery plants

In a four-year survey of strawberry nursery plants, 340 Botrytis isolates were collected and examined for fungicide resistance. High percentages of isolates with resistance to members of all fungicide classes registered on strawberries in Germany were found, i.e. trifloxystrobin (90.3%), boscalid (53.8%), cyprodinil (41.5%), fludioxonil (28.2%) and fenhexamid (15.6%). Of these isolates, 10.3% possessed multiple resistance to all compounds. At 5.0%, resistance to the recently registered fungicide fluopyram was low. Dutch nursery material harboured significantly higher proportions of isolates with resistance to any or all fungicides than plants produced in Germany. These data point to nursery plants as a possible route of introducing fungicide-resistant Botrytis strains into commercial strawberry fields.     

Pheromone Research and Development in Israel 1975–2015

The review describes the history of pheromone research in Israel in 1975–2015. The research focused on sex pheromones of moths that were important agricultural pests. Identification, synthesis and field application of sex pheromones was performed. Synthetic procedures of several known sex pheromones were developed. Monitoring and control of key pest moths was evaluated. The interactions of pheromone components of closely related species were studied in field and laboratory experiments. The sex pheromones of three scale insects, two mealybug species and Matsucoccus josephi were studied. New syntheses were developed and the pheromones were implemented in pest management. Structure activity relationship of the pheromonal and kairomonal of the M. josephi pheromone was investigated. Different pherotypes of P. ficus were identified and evaluated. The aggregation pheromone of sap beetles in combination with food baits was evaluated. The aggregation pheromone of the almond bark beetle was identified and a stereospecific synthesis of its enantiomers was developed. Monitoring the pest in stone fruit orchards was implemented. The activity of the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) was studied in Helicoverpa armigera and Heliothis peltigera. The ligation technique was used to assess the effect of PBAN on the production of female and male pheromones. A structure-activity relationship study of PBAN indicated that shorter peptides display activity as the full length PBAN. A series of linear and cyclic peptide analogs was prepared, resulting in the discovery of a lead antagonist. The research and development activity facilitated the intensive integration of pheromones in the pest management regimes in Israeli agriculture.     

含水量和装载量对松木片吸附溴甲烷的影响

在18℃、RH为60%～70%室内恒温条件下,对不同含水率和不同装载量的松木片的熏蒸结果表明:松木片含水量对溴甲烷熏蒸处理效果影响明显。在18℃、8g/m3处理24h,松材线虫死亡率(y)与碎木片含水量(x)之间关系式为:y=129.654-1.062x(R=0.967);碎木片对溴甲烷的吸附随水分含量升高而增加,58%、55%、49%含水率的碎木片对溴甲烷的吸附与含水率为30%、37%碎木片的吸附差异显著。载量对溴甲烷熏蒸处理松木片中松材线虫影响显著,松材线虫死亡率(y)与松木片载量(x)之间关系式为:y=105.809-0.247x(R=0.973);随实验碎木片载量的增加,对溴甲烷的吸附量也加大。     

运用纳米磁珠技术结合RT-PCR方法检测李痘病毒

以李痘病毒为对象,研究探索采用RT-PCR方法结合纳米磁珠技术来提高植物病毒的检出率.结果表明该技术不仅能够检测到极低浓度的病毒,而且操作简单快速,非常适合口岸一线对病毒的检测要求.     

贵州烟区烟蚜发生规律及其预测模型的初步研究

通过2002-2008年对贵州代表性烟区烟蚜的系统调查,初步了解了有翅蚜迁飞规律、烟田蚜虫种群消长动态及其历史演变情况,分析了烟蚜发生期内气温、雨日雨量、相对湿度和日照时数对烟蚜发生量的影响效应。在此基础上,结合以往的调查数据,应用DPS统计软件进行逐步回归分析,初步建立了烟蚜发生程度短期预测模型Y=-24.87+1.27X1+0.13X2+1.54X4+2.70X6+4.06X11-3.85X13(其中,X1=移栽前期10 d内日诱蚜量;X2=上年12月日气温≥10℃的积温;X4=2月均温;X6=3月均温;X11=4月均温,X13=4月雨日数),经显著性检验和预报验证,回归方程达极显著水平,回测准确率平均达93.45%,实报验证误差率仅为1.80%~5.11%,说明入选预报因子比较切合贵州实际,预测模型具有较大的实用价值。     

用前期月环流指数预测新疆棉区稳定≥10℃初日

用新疆22个棉区代表站的日平均气温资料,计算5d滑动稳定≥10℃初日作为棉花播种的农业气象学指标。以前一年3月到当年2月的74项月环流指数为因子,考虑了统计模型中因子与预测量之间相关不稳定性,分别建立了新疆棉区22站稳定≥10℃初日的"滑动相关—逐步回归—集合分析"预测模型。预测2009年全疆大部分棉区稳定≥10℃初日偏早,北疆大部分棉区偏早5d以上。入选新疆各棉区预测模型的前期环流因子中,以副热带环流系统因子为主,其次是高纬度地区极涡环流因子;北疆棉区稳定≥10℃初日的年际变化与前期热带海洋表面温度异常分布关系较密切。对预测结果以及模型的预测(拟合)效果进行检验,2009年的预测结果基本准确,尤其是预测出了北疆大部分棉区异常偏早的趋势,为棉花播种期预测分析提供了有力的技术支持。     

Genetic resistance to bacterial blight disease in Persian walnut

Bacterial blight disease of Persian walnut (Juglans regia, L.), caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis (Xaj), leads to significant nut losses in northern, central and western areas of Iran. To identify the natural sources of resistance to disease in the endemic walnut genotypes of Iran, sixteen walnut genotypes, collected from different areas of Hamedan province, were inoculated with Xaj in a randomized complete block design with five replicates for each genotype. Two-year old genotypes were gently sprayed with a suspension of bacteria adjusted to approximately 2 × 10⁹ cfu ml⁻¹ of distilled water in May. Infected leaves were rated for disease 28 and 42 days after inoculation, using a 0 to 5 severity scale, based on the number, size and distribution of lesions on the leaves. Data analyses showed that there were variations among genotypes in response to pathogen. Upon inoculation by bacterial suspension genotype 94 showed the highest resistance to both disease incidence and its progress after 4–6 weeks of infection. Genotype 65 showed high susceptibility to disease and genotype 69 showed high susceptibilities both to disease incidence and its progress after 4–6 weeks of infection.     

Spread of seed-borne <Emphasis Type="Italic">Erwinia rhapontici</Emphasis> in bean,pea and wheat

Studies were conducted in the laboratory and greenhouse to determine the distribution of Erwinia rhapontici in plants arising from naturally infected seeds of pea or artificially inoculated seeds of bean and wheat, and whether the pathogen is transmitted to the subsequent generation of seeds. Infected seeds were planted in pots of Cornell mix in the greenhouse, and sampled at specified intervals throughout the plant growth cycle (seedling stage, elongation stage, flowering stage, seed formation stage, and maturity). Plating of surface sterilized lateral roots, tap roots, basal stems, mid-stems, apical stems, petioles, pods, and seeds of pea and bean, and of lateral roots, sub-crown internodes, basal stems, mid-stems, apical stems, peduncles, glumes, and seeds of wheat revealed that the bacterial pathogen spread from infected seeds to the lower parts of the plant tissues, but failed to spread further to the seeds produced on these plants. The study concludes that E. rhapontici did not establish systemic infection throughout the plants. Possible mechanisms of infection of seeds are discussed.     

以米蛾卵为寄主繁殖玉米螟赤眼蜂的质量控制技术

以米蛾卵为寄主繁殖玉米螟赤眼蜂的质量控制技术包括：米蛾卵的清理和优选,优质种蜂的准备,接蜂过程的条件调控,生产用蜂的收集、清理和质量检测。