鬼臼毒素类似物结构与杀虫活性关系初探Ⅱ.构效关系分析及理想结构推测

以鬼臼毒素为原料合成了一系列衍生物。用质谱和核磁共振鉴定这些化合物的结构和构型 ,测定了其对 5龄菜青虫 (Pierisrapae)、3龄小菜蛾 (Plutella xylostella)和 3龄粘虫 (Mythimna separata)的生物活性。结果表明 ,具反式内酯环的鬼臼衍生物活性显著高于具顺式内酯环的衍生物 ,4位取代基对杀虫活性影响较大 ;推测出了较为理想的鬼臼毒素类似物杀虫活性物质的结构通式。     

果实采摘机械手多关节求解方法与避障规划

以Motoman SV3X采摘果实为研究对象,在果实空间位置坐标和竖直类障碍物空间位姿已知的情况下,提出了一种机械手多关节角度计算和路径规划方法。首先根据果实位置和竖直类障碍物的分布计算出若干组机械手终点关节角度,然后选择其中一组作为终点角度,利用A*算法规划出一条机械手从初始角度到达终点角度的避障路径,解决了避障规划中的多关节角求解问题,规划方法对于竖直类障碍物的避碰路径规划具有一般性。Matlab仿真试验表明,求解的机械手关节角度能够避开竖直类障碍物,而且使末端执行器的位置在预设的误差范围内,验证了规划方法的正确性。     

履带式高地隙油茶果振动采收机设计与试验

针对油茶人工采收效率低,劳动力成本大,且油茶果成熟期短、花果同期等问题,设计了可实现连续振动落果和收集的履带式高地隙油茶果振动采收机。采收机采用骑跨式车架沿油茶树种植行行走,利用曲柄摇杆机构驱动多排阵列的指排杆按照一定的运动轨迹对树冠两侧同时击打作业,落果通过收集板汇集后输送到果箱。根据击打轨迹对采收机击打装置的曲柄摇杆机构进行设计,并用ADAMS软件验证指排架运动轨迹。通过ANSYS软件对击打装置机架和采收机车架进行有限元模态分析,获得其前6阶固有频率,确定其不会发生共振。为接收振动掉落的油茶果,设计了高低错落分布的收集板,不仅能接收落果,且能顺利避开树干,实现整机在运动中完成振动落果和收集作业。最后,加工装配振动采收机样机,在击打液压马达转速为360 r/min条件下进行油茶林地整机试验,试验结果表明,油茶果采收率为87.56%,花苞掉落率为25.86%,满足油茶果采收要求。     

Rice <Emphasis Type="Italic">terpene synthase 18</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">OsTPS18</Emphasis>) encodes a sesquiterpene synthase that produces an antibacterial (<Emphasis Type="Italic">E</Emphasis>)-nerolidol against a bacterial pathogen of rice

Plant volatile compounds, including terpenes, are known to be involved in the rice defense system. In the present analysis of a terpene synthase, OsTPS18, in rice, we found that OsTPS18 was localized in the cytoplasm and synthesized the sesquiterpenes (E)-nerolidol and (E)-β-farnesene. The amounts of (E)-nerolidol and (E)-β-farnesene increased after jasmonic acid (JA) treatment. (E)-Nerolidol had significant antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). These results suggest that (E)-nerolidol plays an important role in JA-induced resistance against Xoo and that it functions as an antibacterial compound in rice.     

Partitioning the multi-scale effects of human activity on the occurrence of riparian forest birds

Conservationists, managers, and land planners are faced with the difficult task of balancing many issues regarding humans impacts on natural systems. Many of these potential impacts arise from local-scale and landscape-scale changes, but such changes often covary, which makes it difficult to isolate and compare independent effects arising from humans. We partition multi-scale impacts on riparian forest bird distribution in 105 patches along approximately 500 km of the Madison and Missouri Rivers, Montana, USA. To do so, we coupled environmental information from local (within-patch), patch, and landscape scales reflecting potential human impacts from grazing, invasive plant species, habitat loss and fragmentation, and human development with the distribution of 28 terrestrial breeding bird species in 2004 and 2005. Variation partitioning of the influence of different spatial scales suggested that local-scale vegetation gradients explained more unique variation in bird distribution than did information from patch and landscape scales. Partitioning potential human impacts revealed, however, that riparian habitat loss and fragmentation at the patch and landscape scales explained more unique variation than did local disturbances or landscape-scale development (i.e., building density in the surrounding landscape). When distribution was correlated with human disturbance, local-scale disturbance had more consistent impacts than other scales, with species showing consistent negative correlations with grazing but positive correlations with invasives. We conclude that while local vegetation structure best explains bird distribution, managers concerned with ongoing human influences in this system need to focus more on mitigating the effects of large-scale disturbances than on more local land use issues. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

小麦种子繁育的一般原则和通用程序

小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）是我国的重要粮食作物,种子繁育是小麦产业化的关键环节。我国现行小麦种子繁育程序包括三圃制、二圃制、一圃制、四级种子生产、株系循环选择、一圃三级种子生产等六种。为了适应现代小麦产业化的需要,在分析现有种子繁育程序的基础上,根据小麦遗传特征,提出小麦种子繁育的一般原则和通用程序,供小麦育种、繁种、推广者参考。     

不同氮肥管理模式对早稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响

为了探明不同氮肥管理模式对水稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响,采用田间小区试验,对氮肥用量、施用时期、有机无机肥结合等氮肥管理方式下早稻产量及氮肥利用率的差异进行研究。结果表明,施用氮肥在水稻生产中增产效果显著,与对照相比,早稻施氮比不施氮增产41.06%~76.90%。不同的氮肥管理模式对产量的影响较大,高产高效模式、超高产高效模式与农民模式相比均可以显著提高水稻产量,增产幅度为16.62%~25.41%,并可以不同程度地提高氮肥利用率,同时提高了单位面积有效穗,也促进了氮、磷养分的累积。     

河北省不同生态区夏玉米丰产、稳产性品种筛选研究

针对河北省各地区生态条件差异大,适应不同生态条件的丰产、稳产玉米品种较少的突出问题,以当前推广的紧凑型、半紧凑型和松散型玉米为材料,采用高稳系数法对近几年河北省主要推广的夏播玉米品种在不同生态区的丰产、稳产性能进行研究和探讨。结果表明,不同生态区最适宜推广的品种如下：山前平原区为郑单958、雅玉12和浚单22,高稳系数（HSC）分别为0.85、0.87、0.86;冀东平原区为豫玉23、唐玉15和浚单20,HSC分别为1.02、0.97、0.96;黑龙港地区为蠡玉16、矮秆225,HSC分别为0.95、0.83。本研究为筛选适宜河北省不同生态区种植的丰产、稳产玉米新品种提供了依据。     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.     

内蒙古河套灌区盐渍土持水特性的测定与分析

用压力排水法对氯化钠、氯化钙和碳酸氢钠盐渍土的持水特性进行了测定,结果表明,无论是氯盐土还是碳酸盐土其土水势绝对值都随含液量的减少而增大,同类盐渍土在含液量相同的情况下,土水势绝对值是随土壤溶液摩尔浓度增大而增大,并有很好的线性关系.