功能性饲料在动物健康养殖中的应用研究进展

功能性饲料是一种新型的绿色环保饲料,具有维护动物健康、保证畜产品安全和降低养殖污染等特殊功效.文章就近几年来国内外有关功能性饲料开发和应用等方面的研究进行概述,为进一步研究提供理论参考.     

饲料市场经销商危机研究

中国饲料工业已经历了20多年的高速发展,到2005年,饲料工业总量1．07亿t,产值达到2742亿元,仅次于美国位居世界第2位,创造了世界饲料发展史上的奇迹,饲料工业已成为中国发展最快的行业之一。随着饲料工业的蓬勃发展．一大批优秀的饲料经销商也脱颖而出,拥有百万家产的已比比皆是,千万富翁也屡见不鲜,他们在为自己创造财富的同时,也为国家和社会作出了很大贡献。[第一段]     

狗牙根草茎建植成坪质量的施肥和播种研究

本研究试图探明狗牙根草茎在不同播种深度和施肥方法下对高尔夫草坪备草区建植生长的影响。采用二因素随机区组设计,在高尔夫草坪备草区大田中对不同播种深度(1,2和3 cm)和施肥措施(底肥和追肥)进行比较分析。结果表明,生长成坪期间草坪草的盖度、种群密度和株高随着播种深度的增加而增加,但是在成坪后期播深2和3 cm对草坪质量的影响差异不显著;追肥比底肥效果好。在狗牙根草茎高尔夫草坪备草区建植生长中,播种深度是首要因素,其次是施肥方法;两因素交互作用显著。结合建植成本和工期,在生产实践中推荐采用播种深度应为2 cm,播后1周内追肥,并建议施用速效肥。     

水肥耦合对巨能草生长和光合色素的影响

采用盆栽控制实验的方式,利用控水、控肥的实验方法,设计了干旱(25% FC)、对照(75% FC)和水淹(100% FC)3个水分梯度以及低、中、高3个养分水平的完全随机组合实验,研究了不同水肥耦合条件对巨能草生长与光合色素的影响。结果表明,巨能草的地上生物量、地下生物量、生物总量和根冠比都受到了水肥交互作用的显著影响。在正常水分条件下,高肥处理下的分蘖数、株高、地下生物量、地上生物量和生物总量都是最大的,是9种水肥配比中巨能草生物量积累最佳的水肥配比。可见,良好的水肥条件是巨能草获得高产的前提。水淹和干旱都不利于植株的分蘖和高生长,但干旱条件下可通过施肥提高植株的分蘖能力。水淹环境下,不宜施用过多肥料,中等施肥量最有利于巨能草地下生物量的积累,其根冠比显著增大,有利于植物根系适应水淹条件下的缺氧环境。与水淹条件相比,干旱条件更不利于巨能草地上生物量的积累,为了适应干旱环境,巨能草会把更多的同化物质分配给地下部分,进而增大根冠比,从而表现出较高的生理可塑性以适应极端的干旱环境。有趣的是,水分胁迫下的光合色素含量显著高于正常水分,且随着施肥量的增加,光合色素的含量都有所增加,干旱处理下的增加尤为显著。由此可见,在水分胁迫环境下,巨能草会通过其各种形态和生理适应机制来适应环境,表现出一定的耐涝性和抗旱性,且施肥能够在一定程度上降低水分胁迫对植物生长的影响。     

Immunoadjuvant effects of hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E) on the inactivated H9 subtype avian influenza virus vaccine

Avian influenza viruses (AIV) of the H9 subtype cause serious health problems in chickens, resulting in great economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. The killed vaccine (KV) against H9 subtype AIV has been widely used in China since 1998 but has been linked with side effects in chickens and only partial protection. A few studies have demonstrated the immunostimulatory effects of the hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E) in cancer therapy. In this study, the adjuvant efficacy and the protective effects of HVJ-E, in combination with H9N2 AI KV against AIV were evaluated. The maturation of murine dendritic cells treated by HVJ-E was verified by FACS in the current experiment, then the antibody hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers and cytokines and the post-challenge virological profiles (oropharyngeal and cloacal virus shedding) were investigated to define the immune responses in chickens. Our findings indicate that HVJ-E could induce dendritic cell (DC) maturation in mice. Injection of HVJ-E in chickens resulted in raised levels of IFN-β and IFN-γ being present in sera suggesting a stimulatory effect in these animals. The antibody responses to AIV of chickens inoculated with HVJ-E adjuvanted killed H9-AIV were higher than those of chickens inoculated with oil adjuvanted H9-HIV. Furthermore, although inoculation of either HVJ-E or oil adjuvanted AIV reduced virus shedding following challenge, compared to controls, HVJ-E adjuvanted AIV was more effective in reducing shedding than oil adjuvant.     

日粮赖氨酸水平对12～18周龄雌性临武鸭血液生化指标的影响

为研究日粮不同赖氨酸(Lys)水平对12~18w雌性临武鸭血液生化指标的影响,试验选取健康、体重接近的84d雌性临武鸭210羽,随机分为5个处理(赖氨酸水平分别为0.55%、0.65%、0.75%、0.85%、0.95%),每处理设6个重复,每重复7只鸭,试验全期为42d。结果表明:日粮赖氨酸水平显著或极显著影响试鸭血清甘油三酯、碱性磷酸酶和谷草转氨酶/谷丙转氨酶水平(P0.05或P0.01),但对血糖、总胆固醇、尿酸、尿素氮、肌酐和谷丙转氨酶无明显影响(P0.05);日粮赖氨酸水平对血清生长激素、胰岛素、胰高血糖素、皮质醇、T3、T4和T3/T4影响均不显著(P0.05)。试验结果表明,以血液生化和激素作为评价指标,日粮0.55%赖氨酸水平即可满足12~18w雌性临武鸭机体生长发育需要。     

Comparative pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of quinocetone in crucian carp (Carassius auratus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) following the same experimental conditions

The pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of quinocetone (QCT) in crucian carp (Carassius auratus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) were compared after oral administration of QCT (50 mg/kg body weight) at water temperature of 24 ± 1 °C. Similar QCT plasma concentration–time profiles were found in the three species of cyprinid fish at the same dosage regimen and water temperature, which were all fitted two‐compartment open pharmacokinetic model. However, different pharmacokinetic parameters were observed in crucian carp, common carp, and grass carp. The absorption rate constants (K_a) of QCT were 1.65, 1.40 and 1.74/h, respectively and absorption half‐lives (t_1/2kα) were 0.42, 0.49, and 0.40/h, respectively. The distribution half‐life (t_1/2α) was 2.83, 0.67, and 0.88 h, respectively, and elimination half‐lives (t_1/2β) of QCT were 133.97, 63.55, and 40.76 h, respectively. The maximum concentrations (C_max) of QCT in plasma were 0.315, 0.182, and 0.139 μg/mL and the time to peak concentrations (T_p) were 1.45, 0.96, and 1.08 h, respectively. The area under the plasma concentration‐time curves (AUC) were 12.35, 5.99, and 4.52 μg·h/mL, respectively. The distribution volumes (V_d/F) of QCT were calculated as 117.81, 128.71, and 220.10 L/kg, respectively. The tissue analysis showed that a similar regularity was obtained in the three species of cyprinids with a single dose of 50 mg/kg body weight after oral administration at the same water temperature. The tissue concentration of QCT in each fish was in order of liver>kidney>muscle, while the residues of QCT in the three species of cyprinid fish were in order of crucian carp>common carp>grass carp.     

中药抗病毒性疫病作用机制研究进展

病毒性疫病作为一类具有高度传染性的疾病,目前尚缺乏理想的抗病毒药物,而中药因其独特的病毒病防治视角,成为近年来我国学者们研究的热点。研究显示,多种中药及其有效成分对病毒有一定的抑制作用。本文结合病毒性疫病发病机理与近年来抗病毒中药研究成果,对中药的抗病毒机制进行阐述,以期为多方位、多靶点、天然低毒兽医临床抗病毒药物的研发提供帮助。     

不同性别乌蒙凤鸡血液生化指标测定分析

为更好地保护和利用乌蒙凤鸡遗传资源,对原种场保种群200日龄乌蒙凤鸡的21项血液生化指标进行测定和雌雄差异显著性检验。结果:雌雄乌蒙凤鸡的白球比、谷丙转氨酶、转氨酶比、乳酸脱氢酶有显著差异(P<0.05);其他生化指标无显著差异(P>0.05)。血液生化指标可作为乌蒙凤鸡生产保护和疾病防治等方面的参考依据。