牵引式红枣残枝粉碎机的设计与试验

红枣残枝粉碎还田是目前亟待解决的问题。为此,设计了一种牵引式红枣残枝粉碎机,通过对辊破碎和动定刀粉碎共同作用实现粉碎效果。对破碎辊轴、粉碎主轴的转速和功率等参数进行了详细阐述,规范了动刀在主轴上的排布方式,选用双螺旋式刀具排布,确保同一时刻有且仅有两个动刀同时工作,有效降低了振动和机组动力损耗,提高了工作效率。运用ANSYS软件对主轴进行了静力学分析及模态分析,得出了应力应变图及粉碎主轴前6阶固有频率和振型图。应力应变图表明:最大应力为8.3326 MPa,最大变形量为0.017419 mm,参考材料特性,主轴强度满足设计要求,故主轴设计合理、安全。模态分析结果表明:最低固有频率为98.286Hz,所对应的临界转速5897 r/min远大于初定主轴转速2000 r/min,因此在工作中主轴转动时不会产生共振现象。样机试验结果表明:粉碎机工作生产率为817.67kg/h,吨功耗为49.06kW/h,噪声为95.3dB,粉碎粒度合格率为86.97%,可以实现连续稳定运作,粉碎粒度符合还田技术要求。     

Necrotic enteritis challenge regulates peroxisome proliferator-1 activated receptors signaling and β-oxidation pathways in broiler chickens

Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an important enteric disease in poultry and has become a major concern in poultry production in the post-antibiotic era. The infection with NE can damage the intestinal mucosa of the birds leading to impaired health and, thus, productivity. To gain a better understanding of how NE impacts the gut function of infected broilers, global mRNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed in the jejunum tissue of NE challenged and non-challenged broilers to identify the pathways and genes affected by this disease. Briefly, to induce NE, birds in the challenge group were inoculated with 1 mL of Eimeria species on day 9 followed by 1 mL of approximately 10⁸ CFU/mL of a NetB producing Clostridium perfringens on days 14 and 15. On day 16, 2 birds in each treatment were randomly selected and euthanized and the whole intestinal tract was evaluated for lesion scores. Duodenum tissue samples from one of the euthanized birds of each replicate (n = 4) was used for histology, and the jejunum tissue for RNA extraction. RNA-seq analysis was performed with an Illumina RNA HiSeq 2000 sequencer. The differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified and functional analysis was performed in DAVID to find protein–protein interactions (PPI). At a false discovery rate threshold <0.05, a total of 377 DEG (207 upregulated and 170 downregulated) DEG were identified. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that DEG were considerably enriched in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) signaling (P < 0.01) and β-oxidation pathways (P < 0.05). The DEG were mostly related to fatty acid metabolism and degradation (cluster of differentiation 36 [CD36], acyl-CoA synthetase bubblegum family member-1 [ACSBG1], fatty acid-binding protein-1 and -2 [FABP1] and [FABP2]; and acyl-coenzyme A synthetase-1 [ACSL1]), bile acid production and transportation (acyl-CoA oxidase-2 [ACOX2], apical sodium–bile acid transporter [ASBT]) and essential genes in the immune system (interferon-, [IFN-γ], LCK proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase [LCK], zeta chain of T cell receptor associated protein kinase 70 kDa [ZAP70], and aconitate decarboxylase 1 [ACOD1]). Our data revealed that pathways related to fatty acid digestion were significantly compromised which thereby could have affected metabolic and immune responses in NE infected birds.     

公平科学公正推进玉米产业发展

根据《中华人民共和国种子法》（以下简称《种子法》）和农业部《主要农作物品种审定办法》规定，2002年第一届国家农作物品种审定委员会成立。在国家农作物品种审定委员会办公室、农业部种植业管理司和全国农业技术推广服务中心的正确领导下，玉米专业委员会全体委员依法开展了品种审定工作，圆满完成了工作任务。     

Phospholipase A<Subscript>1</Subscript> activity of crude enzyme extracted from the ovaries of skipjack tuna

The phospholipid class composition, fatty acid composition and phospholipase A₁ (PLA₁) activity from the ovaries of skipjack tuna were compared with those of six other species of marine fish. In the skipjack ovaries, the lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) proportion for the phospholipid, the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) percentage for the total fatty acids of the phospholipids and the PLA₁ activity of the crude enzyme were the highest among those of the seven species. The optimum pH and temperature for the PLA₁ activity of the crude enzyme from the skipjack ovaries were in the range of pH 6–7 and 20–30°C, respectively, and calcium ions were not required. As a substrate, phosphatidylcholine was more easily hydrolyzed than phosphatidylethanolamine by this enzyme, and the plasmalogen-type phospholipid was much lower than the acyl-type phospholipid. After a 6-h hydrolysis reaction of the purified phospholipid extracted from the mixed ovaries of skipjack and yellowfin tuna by this enzyme, the LPC ratio of the phospholipid increased from 20 to 72.6% and the percentage of DHA for the total fatty acids of the phospholipid also increased. Thus, skipjack ovaries might possibly be used as a source of PLA₁.     

鳗弧菌感染对日本鑚部分免疫活性因子的影响

对日本蟳(Charybdis japonica)进行鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)悬液和生理盐水(对照)注射感染,研究其血清免疫因子超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的变化,并对试验结果进行统计学分析。结果表明,注射鳗弧菌悬液组SOD活性12、24、48h均高于对照组,48h达到最高;CAT活性12、24h增加非常明显,12h达最高;AKP活性5、12、24h都有增加,均高于对照,24h最高;ACP活性12h开始上升,24h达最高。在人工感染鳗弧菌48h内,日本蟳体内的免疫因子发生了明显的变化,血清中SOD、ACP、AKP、CAT活性在不同时间段均有显著升高趋势,高于对照组水平。     

种衣剂中不同浓度杀虫剂成分对玉米苗期生长的安全性评价

选择克百威、丙硫克百威和丁硫克百威3种杀虫剂作为种衣剂有效杀虫成分,每种杀虫剂设置1%、2%、3%、…10%共10种浓度梯度,春天播种期进行玉米包衣播种,20 d后调查苗期植株的根长、根数、叶数和株高,验证3种杀虫剂不同浓度对玉米苗期的生长安全性。结果表明：在10%浓度以下,3种杀虫剂进行种子包衣处理,玉米苗期生长均未产生药害,植株生长正常。     

基于目标规划的履带可变形机器人结构参数设计及验证

机器人结构参数直接影响其对环境的适应能力,因此合理的结构参数设计至关重要。为更高效设计能适应障碍已知环境的机器人,该研究提出一种基于目标规划的机器人结构参数设计方法,以得到能适应该环境的结构参数最优的机器人,并开发样机进行试验验证。首先提出并设计履带可变形机器人模型,在分析机器人越障机理基础上,建立机器人能够跨越的台阶和沟壑障碍与其结构参数间的关系,并在此基础上建立履带可变形机器人的结构参数目标规划模型。利用遗传算法得到该目标规划问题的最优结构参数:履带轮半径60 mm,摆臂最大长度326 mm,机体长度290 mm,并利用Adams建立仿真模型验证了机器人对目标环境的适应性。样机试验表明机器人能够跨越160 mm高台阶和300 mm宽沟壑,证明了计算得到的结构参数的合理性,及基于目标规划的机器人结构参数设计方法的可行性。该研究可为机器人的结构参数设计提供参考。     

Universal PCR primers for ribosomal protein gene introns of fish

Human ribosomal protein (RP) gene sequences with respect to intron/exon structures and corresponding cDNA or genomic data of fish species were obtained from the GenBank database. Based on conserved exon sequences, 128 primer pairs for 41 genes were designed for exon-primed intron-crossing (EPIC) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In reference to the draft genome sequences of the Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis), 12 primer pairs expected to amplify introns of the bluefin tuna with lengths of 500–1000 bp were selected and applied to six distantly related fish species belonging to the Orders Clupeiformes, Tetraodontiformes, Pleuronectiformes, Perciformes, Scorpaeniformes, and Anguilliformes. PCR amplification was observed for at least four species in each primer pair, and all fragments were larger than those expected for intronless amplification. Single fragment amplification was observed for at least seven primer pairs per species. Fragment sizes of the bluefin tuna for nine primer pairs corresponded to those expected from the genomic data. Thus, our primer pairs are potentially applicable to a wide variety of fish species and serve as an initial step for isolating single-copy nuclear DNA sequences.     

Effect of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lactococcus lactis</Emphasis> K-C2 on the growth performance,amino acid content and gut microflora of amberjack <Emphasis Type="Italic">Seriola dumerili</Emphasis>

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Lactococcus lactis K-C2 on the growth performance, microbial diversity, and release of free amino acids in the intestinal tract and the edible parts of young amberjack, Seriola dumerili. Fish were fed a diet with or without strain K-C2 (2?×?10¹⁰ cfu/g feed) for 25 days. The results indicated that the growth performance of fish in the treated group was significantly higher than those in the control group (p?<?0.05). The amount of five amino acids (aspartate, sarcosine, taurine, alanine, and arginine) in the gut content and 13 of 21 amino acids in the edible parts of fish in the treated group were significantly higher (p?<?0.05) than those in the control group. Sphingomonas, Propionibacterium, and Mycobacterium were observed in gut microflora of fish in both the control and treated groups. Staphylococcus and Kocuria were detected in one sample from the control and treated groups; Acinetobacter and Acidobacteria were found in one sample from the control group. L. lactis was only found in one sample in the treated group. In conclusion, the dietary administration of probiotic L. lactis stimulated growth, reduced feed consumption, and improved the nutritional value of cultured amberjack.     

Effects of anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds on the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha in LPS/IFN-gamma-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages

Flavonoids have been reported to demonstrate their benefits in lowering oxidative stress and beneficial effects on cardiovascular and chronic inflammatory diseases. Common phenolic compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonols, isoflavones, and anthocyanins, present in fruits, vegetables, and grains were investigated for their effects on the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in LPS/IFN-gamma-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Gallic acid and (+)-catechin showed small but significant effects, whereas chlorogenic acid had no effect on TNF-alpha production. The flavonol quercetin inhibited TNF-alpha production, but kaempferol and myricetin induced the secretion of TNF-alpha. The isoflavone genistein was an inhibitor of TNF-alpha, whereas daidzein induced TNF-alpha production. Glycosylation of genistein changed its inhibitory effects to TNF-alpha induction, and glycosylation of daidzein had no effect on its activity. Anthocyanidins/anthocyanins and anthocyanin-rich extracts induced TNF-alpha production and acted as modulators of the immune response in activated macrophages. This is the first study to report the effects of anthocyanins and berry extracts on TNF-alpha production.