Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of pentachloronitrobenzene residues in environmental samples

A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB), a fungicide and chemical intermediate, was developed using a polyclonal antiserum produced against a hapten-protein conjugate of pentachlorophenoxypropionic acid-bovine serum albumin (BSA). An indirect competitive ELISA of PCNB showed an IC50 of 37 ng/mL and a limit of detection (LOD) of 7 ng/mL. The ELISA can tolerate up to 10% (v/v) methanol, 5% (v/v) acetonitrile, or 5% (v/v) acetone without significant fluctuation of Amax and IC50. The assay sensitivity showed little change in a range of pH from 6 to 8 and concentrations of 0.05-0.2 M NaCl in the assay buffer. Very low cross-reactivities were observed for some structurally related compounds except for hexachlorobenzene (12%). The average recoveries of PCNB from fortified well water, river water, and soil samples were in ranges of 88-94, 80-91, and 70-81%, respectively. The correlations between the gas chromatographic and ELISA results were excellent (r 2 >or= 0.97, slopes from 0.86 to 1.10) for those fortified samples. The ELISA is a good alternative tool for monitoring PCNB residues in environmental samples.     

Improvement of texture properties and flavor of frozen dough by carrot (Daucus carota) antifreeze protein supplementation

The effects of concentrated carrot protein (CCP) containing 15.4% (w/w) carrot (Daucus carota) antifreeze protein on texture properties of frozen dough and volatile compounds of crumb were studied. CCP supplementation lowered the freezable water content of the dough, resulting in some beneficial effects including holding loaf volume steadily and making the dough softer and steadier during frozen storage. Furthermore, SPME-GC-MS analysis showed CCP supplementation did not give any negative influences on volatile compounds of crumb and gave a pleasant aroma felt like Michelia alba DC from trans-caryophyllene simultaneously. Combining our previous results that CCP supplementation improves the fermentation capacity of the frozen dough, CCP could be used as a beneficial additive for frozen dough processing.     

Hypovirulence and Double-Stranded RNA in Botrytis cinerea

ABSTRACT Twenty-one strains of Botrytis cinerea isolated from 13 species of plants grown in China were compared for pathogenicity on Brassica napus, mycelial growth on potato dextrose agar, and presence of double-stranded (ds)RNA. The results showed that the strain CanBc-1 was severely debilitated in pathogenicity and mycelial growth, compared with the 20 virulent strains. A dsRNA of approximately 3.0 kb in length was detected in CanBc-1 and 4 hypovirulent single-conidium (SC) isolates of CanBc-1, but was not detected in the 20 virulent strains of B. cinerea and 4 virulent SC isolates of CanBc-1. Results of the horizontal transmission experiment showed that the hypovirulent trait of CanBc-1 was transmissible and the 3.0-kb dsRNA was involved in the transmission of hypovirulence. Analysis of a 920-bp cDNA sequence generated from the 3.0-kb dsRNA of CanBc-1 indicated that the dsRNA element was a mycovirus, designated as B. cinerea debilitation-related virus (BcDRV). Further analyses showed that BcDRV is closely related to Ophiostoma mitovirus 3b infecting O. novo-ulmi, the causal agent of Dutch elm disease. Mitochondria and cytoplasm in hyphal cells of CanBc-1 became degenerated, compared with the virulent isolate CanBc-1c-66 of B cinerea. This is the first report on the occurrence of Mitovirus-associated hypovirulence in B. cinerea.     

不同因子对兰州百合组培小鳞茎诱导及膨大的影响研究

为了缩短兰州百合生长周期,提高百合品质,以兰州百合组培小鳞茎为材料,研究了大量元素、NAA、6-BA、培养基状态、蔗糖、2,4-D等单一因素对百合试管鳞茎形成和膨大的影响。结果表明,高浓度的大量元素有利于鳞茎的膨大,而不利于鳞茎的诱导;大量元素浓度为2MS时鳞茎平均直径最大,但新增鳞茎数下降到4.56个;NAA浓度为0.2 mg/L时新增鳞茎数最多且鳞茎平均直径最大;6-BA浓度为0.1 mg/L时最有利于鳞茎的形成和膨大,新增鳞茎数5.25个,鳞茎平均直径10.642 mm;固体培养基对鳞茎的形成效果明显,而半固体更有利于鳞茎的膨大;蔗糖浓度为90 g/L时新增鳞茎数最多,120 g/L时鳞茎平均直径最大;2,4-D浓度0.02 mg/L处理对鳞茎的形成和膨大效果更好。     

亚麻萌发期耐盐鉴定体系优化及150份种质耐盐性综合评价

【目的】 优化亚麻萌发期耐盐鉴定体系并综合评价种质资源耐盐性,为亚麻种质资源耐盐性评价及耐盐品种培育奠定基础。【方法】 选用芽长、根长和发芽率作为亚麻萌发期耐盐性鉴定的表型性状。利用13个NaCl浓度梯度胁迫处理30份亚麻种质,分析不同指标变化确定胁迫浓度。用确定的浓度对150份亚麻种质进行胁迫,分别统计相对芽长、相对根长和相对发芽率,利用隶属函数法对供试亚麻萌发期耐盐性进行综合评价,结合聚类分析划分耐盐等级。【结果】 以相对芽长或相对根长为指标时适宜的NaCl胁迫浓度为100 mmol/L,以相对发芽率为指标时适宜的NaCl胁迫浓度为220 mmol/L;150份亚麻种质分划为5个耐盐等级:高耐3份、耐盐36份、中耐67份、敏感33份、高敏11份;油用亚麻亚群中各指标均显著高于纤维亚麻和兼用亚麻。【结论】 不同耐盐指标的最适筛选浓度不同。筛选出的3份高耐亚麻种质可用于亚麻耐盐育种及后续研究。油用亚麻相比兼用和纤用亚麻更耐盐。     

不同赛道维护方式对1 600 m速度赛伊犁马步态特征和比赛成绩的影响

【目的】研究不同赛道维护方式对伊犁马步态特征、比赛成绩的影响,为伊犁马选种选育和赛道维护提供依据。【方法】以8匹伊犁马公马为研究对象,设计1 600 m途程比赛。用高速摄像机记录伊犁马在不同赛道维护方式下直道、弯道、终点的步态特征的视频素材,终点计时系统记录马匹比赛成绩,分析不同赛道维护方式下伊犁马各赛段步态特征、比赛成绩的差异性。【结果】直道阶段,前肢双支撑相、前位前蹄支撑相压实组极显著低于耙地组和普通组(P<0.01);步频压实组极显著高于耙地组和普通组(P<0.01),耙地组显著低于普通组(P<0.05);双支撑相步幅、总步幅、最大开张角度压实组极显著高于耙地组(P<0.01),显著高于普通组(P<0.05)。弯道阶段,后位后蹄支撑相、后肢间隔期、前位后蹄支撑相、后位前蹄支撑相、对角双支撑相、前肢间隔期、前肢双支撑相、前位前蹄支撑相压实组均极显著低于耙地组和普通组(P<0.01);腾空期、步频压实组极显著高于耙地组和普通组(P<0.01);腾空期步幅压实组显著高于普通组步幅(P<0.05);最大开张角度压实组显著高于耙地组和普通组(P<0.05)。终点阶段,后肢间隔期、前位后蹄支撑相、前肢双支撑相、前位前蹄支撑相压实组显著低于耙地组(P<0.05);步频压实组极显著高于耙地组(P<0.01),耙地组显著低于普通组(P<0.05);后肢步幅压实组显著高于普通组(P<0.05);双支撑相步幅压实组极显著高于耙地组(P<0.01),耙地组显著低于普通组(P<0.05);最大开张角度压实组显著高于耙地组和普通组(P<0.05)。【结论】压实组马匹步幅、步频较大,比赛成绩最好,赛道状况的差异会导致运动性能的差异。在选种选育,评价马匹运动性能过程中应考虑赛道状况,以提高个体选择准确性。     

基于多种分析模式建立壮药材火索藤的HPLC指纹图谱

建立不同批次火索藤（Bauhinia aurea Levl.）甲醇提取物的HPLC指纹图谱。采用HPLC法建立指纹图谱,色谱柱为Inertsil ODS-SP C18柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm）;流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸水,梯度洗脱;流速为1.0 mL/min;柱温为30℃;进样量为10μL;检测波长为212 nm。分别采用相似性评价、聚类分析、主成分分析方法进行数据分析。研究建立了10批火索藤的HPLC指纹图谱,确定了11个共有峰,指认了其中表儿茶素、金丝桃苷、槲皮苷3种成分,10批火索藤相似度均>0.9,聚类分析与主成分分析结果将不同批次火索藤分为4类。所建立的指纹图谱方法与识别模式稳定可靠,可为该壮药材的质量评价提供依据。     

社会经济系统磷元素流通及其环境效应研究：以山东省栖霞市为例

为研究县级尺度的社会经济系统磷元素流通及其环境效应。以山东省栖霞市为例,基于物质流分析与灰水足迹的理论框架与方法,构建栖霞市社会经济系统磷元素流通模型,并探讨各个子系统的磷元素流动特征、利用效率、环境排放等内容。结果表明:栖霞市2018年外源总磷投入达到了11 304.24 t,其中农业种植子系统所占比例95.9%,栖霞市输出的农产品与畜禽产品所含磷元素总量仅占其磷元素投入总量的16.5%,而剩余部分磷元素主要积累在当地的农业系统土壤中;栖霞市社会经济系统的磷元素利用效率相对较低,且不同子系统之间存在明显的差异,其中农业种植子系统和畜禽养殖子系统的磷利用效率分别仅为22.4%和29.3%;栖霞市社会经济系统对当地造成了严重的水土环境风险,其中当地水体中的磷元素所造成的灰水足迹总量达到了1.1×10⁹ m³,而当地果园面临着严重的土壤污染风险。因此,有效地减少磷肥使用量、提高资源利用效率等方式,能够有效地改善当地磷元素管理能力,减少当地的环境风险,从而更好地实现区域可持续发展和生态文明建设。     

不同土地利用类型氨挥发氮同位素自然丰度特征

为了探讨不同土地利用类型下氨（NH3）挥发氮同位素自然丰度特征,采集3种土地利用类型（果园、菜地和林地）土壤,在可控条件下采用海绵吸收法开展了为期15d的室内培养试验,测定了不同土地利用类型下土壤NH3挥发全过程δ15N值及其变化规律。培养期间,3种土地利用类型下的土壤NH+4-N浓度均呈现先上升后下降的趋势;果园和菜...     

玉米品种密度试验研究

作物品种是影响作物产量的主要因素。通过研究在子洲的川地上,7个玉米品种在3 000株·667m^-2、4 000株·667m^-2、5 000株·667m^-2和6 000株·667m^-2这四个密度的农艺性状和产量等。研究表明：陕单8806在4 000株·667m^-2下获得较高产,陕单636、陕单650、郑单958、陕单609在5 000株·667m^-2的密度下产量最高,登海9号和东单60在6 000株·667m^-2下产量最高。