裸果木渗透调节物质和抗氧化酶活性对干旱的响应

裸果木(Gymnocarpos przewalskii)起源于古地中海,为荒漠区少有的第三纪孑遗植物种。本文采用2017年6月、7月和8月采集于甘肃安西自然保护区内的裸果木中龄和老龄植株叶片,分析自然干旱影响下叶片渗透调节物质及抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明:随着干旱程度的增加,裸果木叶片的可溶性蛋白(SP)显著积累,发挥着重要的渗透调节作用,中龄植株叶片的可溶性糖(SS)含量和老龄植株叶片的脯氨酸(Pro)含量先增加后显著降低,渗透调节作用有限。干旱加剧时,中龄植株叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性呈明显的先增后降。严重干旱时,过氧化物酶(POD)活性和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性明显增强,说明其通过4种酶的协同作用清除过剩的活性氧,减轻过氧化伤害;老龄植株叶片的CAT活性持续增强,APX活性明显的先升后降,POD活性在重度干旱时显著增强,主要通过这3种酶减轻膜系统伤害。丙二醛(MDA)含量则随干旱程度增大显著增加,膜脂过氧化程度不断加深。在相同的降雨条件下,裸果木中、老龄植株的Pro、SS、SP含量、POD和CAT活性、MDA含量对干旱的响应程度存在显著差异,隶属度函数评价法表明,老龄植株的抗旱能力大于中龄植株,表明裸果木的抗旱性随年龄的增大而提高。     

草地贪夜蛾在湖北的越冬研究初探

湖北省位于我国中部,承接南北,区位优势十分明显。草地贪夜蛾在湖北省广大区域能否越冬直接影响翌年当地甚至华北草地贪夜蛾发生的早期预测、预警及防治策略的制定。为探明草地贪夜蛾在湖北的越冬规律,本研究采用室内低温试验,冬季室外越冬模拟试验及冬季田间调查等方法,初步明确了草地贪夜蛾在湖北的越冬情况。结果表明:经35 d的7℃低温胁迫,草地贪夜蛾幼虫、蛹、成虫均死亡;2019年12月15日-2020年3月1日在湖北省襄阳、武汉两地室外越冬模拟试验表明,2020年2月1日,即放虫后第47天两地均未发现存活虫体;2019年12月中旬-2020年4月中旬,湖北襄阳、武汉、通山田间生境调查表明,只有2019年12月15日在襄阳发现1头草地贪夜蛾5龄活体幼虫,其他各地均未发现存活虫体或诱捕到成虫。经过室内低温试验、室外越冬模拟试验及田间越冬调查,初步认为2019年-2020年冬季草地贪夜蛾在湖北大部分地区不能越冬。     

乙基多杀菌素及其代谢物在杨梅中的残留及消解动态

开展了 60g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂在杨梅上的残留田间试验,对乙基多杀菌素及其代谢物在杨梅中的残留量及消解动态进行了分析,为乙基多杀菌素在杨梅上的膳食风险评估、合理使用及制定残留限量标准提供依据。建立了液相色谱串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)测定杨梅中乙基多杀菌素及其代谢物的残留量的分析方法。当乙基多杀菌素及其代谢物在杨梅中的添加浓度为0.05、1.0, 2.0mg/kg时,平均回收率82.6%-96.6%,相对标准偏差为3.3%-7.4%,符合残留检测方法的要求。消解动态试验结果显示,乙基多杀菌素在杨梅中的消解动态规律符合一级动力学方程,半衰期为0.9~2.6d,属易降解农药。最终残留试验表明60g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂按有效成分40和60mg/kg,施药1次和2次,末次施药后1、2、3、5、7d,杨梅中乙基多杀菌素最终残留量分别为<0.05 ~0.38mg/kg、<0.05 ~ 0.39mg/kg、< 0.05 ~ 0.32mg/kg、< 0.05 ~ 0.19mg/kg、< 0.05 -0.11 mg/kg0 建议在杨梅上使用60g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂时,有效成分用药量40mg/kg,施药1次,安全间隔期7d。     

Generation and characterisation of Tn5-tagged <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xanthomonas oryzae</Emphasis> pv. <Emphasis Type="Italic">oryzae</Emphasis> mutants that overcome <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xa23</Emphasis>-mediated resistance to bacterial blight of rice

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae causes bacterial blight of rice. Xa23, a bacterial blight resistance gene identified originally in wild rice, Oryza rufipogon, is dominant and resistant to all X. oryzae pv. oryzae field isolates tested. The corresponding avirulence gene avrXa23 is unknown. Here we report the generation of a random insertion mutant library of X. oryzae pv. oryzae strain PXO99 using a Tn5-derived transposon tagging system, and identification of mutant strains that are virulent on CBB23, a near-isogenic rice line containing Xa23. A total of 24,192 Tn5 inserted clones was screened on CBB23 by leaf-cutting inoculation and at least eight of them caused lesions on CBB23 comparable to those on JG30, the susceptible recurrent parent of CBB23. Polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analysis showed that all the eight mutants, designated as P99M1, P99M2, P99M3, P99M4, P99M5, P99M6, P99M7 and P99M8, have a single Tn5-insertion in their genomes. The flanking DNA sequences of the Tn5-insertion sites were isolated by PCR-walking and sequenced. Bioinformatic analysis of the flanking sequences, by aligning them with the whole genome sequences of X. oryzae pv. oryzae strains PXO99, KACC10331 and MAFF311018 through NCBI, revealed that the Tn5-insertions disrupted genes that encode TAL effector AvrBs3/PthA, ISXo1 transposase, Type II secretion system protein-like protein or outer membrane protein, glycogen synthase, cytochrome C5 and conserved hypothetical protein. Further identification of these mutants will facilitate the molecular cloning of avirulence gene avrXa23. The authors C.-L. Wang, A.-B. Xu contributed equally to this work; Y. Gao and Y.-L. Fan contributed equally to this work.     

新疆博斯腾湖湿地生态质量的定量评价

定量评价湿地的生态质量,对保护湿地生态环境具有重要意义。以湿地生态系统服务功能、生态环境保护功能、湿地资源评价为综合评价层,以12个生态评价因子为指标层,构建博斯腾湖湿地生态质量定量评价指标体系,采用层次分析法(AHP)以及专家评议的方法,计算出各生态评价因子的权重,使用问卷调查法得出各因子的得分,最终通过综合评价指数(CEI)来表达湿地的生态环境质量。分析结果表明:博斯腾湖湿地当前生态质量级别为一般。在此基础上,进一步分析了湿地退化的原因,提出了维持湿地可持续发展的保护措施。通过博斯腾湖湿地生态质量的定量评价,对掌握现阶段博斯腾湖的生态环境状况,维持湿地的可持续发展有着极为重要的指导意义。     

Replacement of Fishmeal by a Mixture of Soybean Meal and Chlorella Meal in Practical Diets for Juvenile Crucian Carp,Carassius auratus

A growth trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of a mixture of soybean meal and Chlorella meal (SCM) as a dietary fishmeal (FM) substitute on growth performance, apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs), digestive enzymatic activities, and histology of juvenile crucian carp, Carassius auratus. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to replace 0 (SCM0), 25 (SCM25), 50 (SCM50), 75 (SCM75), and 100% (SCM100) of protein from FM with SCM, respectively. The diets were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile crucian carp for 6 wk. Weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, protein efficiency ratio, and intestinal digestive enzymatic activities (amylase, trypsin, and lipase) tended to decline with increasing FM replacement levels (P > 0.05). Dietary SCM substitution significantly influenced dry matter content in muscle, and crude protein and lipid contents in liver (P < 0.05). ADCs for dry matter, protein, lipid, energy, and most amino acids showed no significant differences between the control and SCM25 group, but tended to decline with replacement levels over 25%. Higher SCM substitution (50–100%) caused karyopyknosis and necrosis in liver, but intestinal histology did not show noticeable pathological changes. The present study indicated that FM could be replaced by 25% of SCM, without significant adverse growth performance, feed utilization, and histology of crucian carp.     

基于泵吸效应的电磁驱动配气机构温升抑制方案研究

根据动圈式电磁驱动配气机构的结构特点和工作原理提出了一种温升抑制方案:利用动圈的泵吸效应,以环形切片作为开关阀片,在无需额外动力源驱动的前提下能够提升动圈与永磁体之间气隙内的气体流量与速度,从而有效强化气隙表面的对流传热效果。通过建立流动区域的数值模型,仿真分析了电磁驱动配气机构工作循环中阀片的响应规律以及气体流动状态,据此对方案结构进行了改进,通过更换材质减轻了阀片的质量并优化了阀片行程。最后开展了配气机构长时间工作下的温升测试试验,结果表明,改进后的方案对执行器温升抑制效果明显,在测量工况下各测量点中最高温升下降12.1℃。     

SCR系统尿素水溶液喷雾分解影响因素数值模拟

为研究柴油机SCR系统的尿素水溶液喷雾分解规律,建立了SCR尿素水溶液喷射雾化模型,进行了尿素喷射及雾化过程的数值模拟,分析了排气温度、排气流量、喷射速率和喷嘴布置位置对尿素水溶液分解的影响。结果表明,随着排气温度的升高,排气管内壁尿素水溶液粒子密度逐渐降低,且排气管内壁出现尿素水溶液粒子堆砌的位置逐渐后移,NH3体积分数随排气温度的升高呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,400℃时的NH3体积分数较高;随着排气流量的增大,排气管内壁出现尿素水溶液粒子堆砌的位置明显后移,NH3体积分数降低;随着尿素水溶液喷射速率的增大,排气管内壁尿素水溶液粒子密度逐渐增大,NH3体积分数呈近似线性增加,排气管内壁出现尿素水溶液粒子堆砌的位置基本不变;随着距离喷嘴布置位置的增大,尿素水溶液粒子的热解和水解反应进行更为充分,NH3体积分数逐渐增大。