基于转录组测序的牧草分子标记开发研究进展

转录组测序是一种获得生物组织或细胞几乎所有转录本的高通量测序技术,测序所得的基因编码序列可用于研究植物在不同条件下的基因表达、调控方式及后续的功能基因发掘与遗传进化分析。随着分子标记技术的快速发展,转录组测序数据也可作为标记开发的重要来源,为牧草开展种质资源遗传多样性评价、遗传变异分析、居群结构研究和育种提供有效工具。本文综述了基于转录组测序的牧草分子标记如EST-SSR和SNP的开发及应用现状,以期为牧草分子标记开发提供重要参考。     

应用多重PCR检测人工感染鸡呼吸道疾病的研究

本文报道了IBV，NDV，ILTV，MG人工感染4周龄SPF鸡和非免疫鸡后，用多重PCR检测试验鸡的咽喉棉拭子和器官组织样品，并与传统的病原分离鉴定，血清学方法进行比较，多重PCR无论是对单一感染病原，还是对两种以上混合感染病原，其敏感性和检测速度都优于传统的鉴别诊断方法，具有较高的实用价值，可以直接应用于临床检测，服务于生产。     

猪精液常温保存中微生物的研究进展

猪的精液含有丰富的利于微生物生长繁殖的营养物质,在采集、稀释和分装过程中,难免受到微生物污染,致使精液保存时间缩短、精子活力下降。本文综述了精液中微生物的种类、微生物对猪精液品质的影响以及降低精液中微生物的基本措施,以期为减少猪精液中微生物的污染和进一步提高猪精液品质提供一定的依据。     

广东地方品种鸡J亚群禽白血病病毒分离鉴定及遗传进化研究

为了解广东地方品种鸡J亚群禽白血病病毒(ALV-J)净化情况,利用ALV-p27特异性抗原检测、病毒分离、PCR扩增和全基因组测序分析等方法,从广东某地方品种鸡群中分离鉴定出1株ALV-J,命名为GDYH-Y1。全基因组序列分析表明,GDYH-Y1分离株的LTR、gag和pol基因相对保守,而3′UTR和gp85基因变异较大,其中gp85基因与ALV-J参考毒株序列同源性仅为87.5%~92.8%,3′UTR区的rTM出现大量碱基缺失,遗传进化分析表明GDYH-Y1分离株与美国白羽肉鸡源分离株ADOL-7501亲缘关系最近。研究为广东地方品种鸡ALV-J净化效果提供数据参考,为分析广东地方品种鸡ALV-J毒株的分子特征和变异趋势提供了重要的数据资料。     

Effects of Inhibition of Different Rumen Microbial Activity on Rumen Fermentation and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Buffaloes

This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of inhibiting rumen bacteria,fungi and protozoa with adding linoleic acid and linolenic acid on in vitro rumen fermentation and fatty acid metabolism in buffaloes.Both fatty acids were supplemented with substrate and roughage (3:7) at the rate of 3% on dry matter (DM) basis in an in vitro batch culture system,there were 5 repetitions for each group.At the same time,four groups were set up:Control group and inhibition groups of protozoa,bacteria and fungi.After 24 h of incubation,total gas production,CH₄,pH,VFA,NH₃-N,MCP and LFA concentrations were measured.The results showed that:①With the addition of linolenic acid,compared with control group,the gas production decreased significantly after inhibition the growth of bacteria and protozoa,CH₄ production increased significantly after inhibition of the growth bacteria and fungi,and CH₄ production decreased significantly after inhibition of the growth protozoa (P<0.05).With the addition of linoleic acid,compared with control group,the gas production decreased significantly after inhibiting the growth of bacteria,fungi or protozoa,and CH₄ production was significantly lower than other groups after inhibition of protozoa (P<0.05).② After inhibiting the growth of bacteria,fungi or protozoa,the pH and MCP concentration were affected significantly with the addition of linolenic acid (P<0.05),there was no significant effect on NH₃-N concentration with the addition of linoleic acid (P>0.05).③ Compared with control group,the content of acetic acid and propionic acid was reduced significantly after inhibiting the growth of bacteria,fungi or protozoa (P<0.05).The butyric acid was reduced significantly after inhibiting the growth of bacteria with the addition of linolenic acid (P<0.05).The butyric acid was reduced significantly after inhibiting the growth of bacteria,fungi or protozoa with the addition of linoleic acid (P<0.05).④ Compared with control group, the concentrations of C11:0, C12:0, C13:0, C14:0, C14:1n5, C15:1n5, C16:1n7, C16:0, C18:3n3, C18:2n6c, C18:0, C20:2n6, C20:3n6, C20:1, C20:3n3, C20:0, C21:0, C22:6n3, C22:2n6, C22:0 was reduced significantly after inhibiting the growth of bacteria with the addition of linolenic acid, the concentrations of C12:0, C13:0, C14:0, C15:0, C16:1n7, C16:0, C17:0, C18:3n6, C18:3n3, C18:2n6c, C18:1n9t, C18:0, C18:2(cis-9,trans-11), C18:2(trans-10,cis-12), C20:2n6, C20:1, C20:0, C21:0, C22:6n3, C22:0, C23:0, C24:1n9, C24:0 was reduced significantly after inhibiting the growth of bacteria with the addition of linoleic acid (P<0.05).The results revealed that the addition of linoleic acid and linolenic acid could significantly manipulate in vitro rumen fermentation parameters,CH₄ yield and fatty acid composition after inhibiting the growth of bacteria,fungi or protozoa.Protozoa greatly contributed to total gas and CH₄ production while bacteria significantly affected rumen fatty acid metabolism.     

游动分割窗技术在景观界面影响域判定中的应用——以牛枝子-黑沙蒿群落界面为例

采用样带法,以毛乌素沙地南缘牛枝子Lespedeza potaninii-黑沙蒿Artemisia ordosica群落界面为研究对象。以样带上样地间的平方欧氏距离系数为指标,采用游动分割窗技术判定了牛枝子-黑沙蒿群落界面的位置和宽度。结果表明:当分割窗体大小在4个和6个样地单位时,曲线波动大,干扰了界面的判定。而最小窗体大小为8个时,能很好地进行界面的判定。样带A和样带B在样地20~25都出现了波峰。游动分割窗技术是景观界面影响域判定和群落划分的有效方法,并在小尺度研究中能够较好地解释群落水平界面的边界和宽度。     

肝脏极低密度脂蛋白合成和分泌的研究进展

肝脏中极低密度脂蛋白(very low-density lipoprotein,VLDL)的过量沉积是引起脂质代谢紊乱进而形成脂肪肝的主要原因.本文综述了VLDL组装过程的最新特点以及肝脏中VLDL合成和分泌的影响因素,包括与VLDL合成相关的载脂蛋白B- 100( apoB-100)的结构和功能、微粒体甘油三酯转运蛋...     

白洋淀菹草不同生长期生物量及营养介值变化动态

 本研究在白洋淀王家寨淀区选取５个采样点,分别于菹草返青期、指数生长期、芽殖体发生期和植株衰亡期,对各采样点的菹草植株进行取样、监测并记录各采样点菹草的生物量变化,并对菹草植株各项营养指标含量进行分析。结果表明,菹草指数生长期,生物量增大,粗蛋白、粗脂肪、总磷以及β-胡萝卜素均达到最大值,而粗纤维、粗灰分、钙以及Ｖｃ含量在３－６月的监测中呈现逐渐上升趋势,５月初是白洋淀采集菹草的最佳季节。不同采样点,菹草的营养指标含量存在差异。整个菹草生长期,各采样点菹草粗蛋白含量在１００ｇ／ｋｇ以上,粗纤维含量低于１５５ｇ／ｋｇ,粗脂肪含量在１２ｇ／ｋｇ以上,粗灰分含量在１４０ｇ／ｋｇ以上,钙和磷含量均在３．０ｇ／ｋｇ以上,维生素Ｃ含量在１４０ｍｇ／ｋｇ以上,β-胡萝卜素含量在３１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ以上,营养价值较其他水生饲料高,是草鱼、畜禽理想的青饲料。菹草中的类胡萝卜素等成分可提高蛋品的保健价值,应用前景十分广阔。     

饲料中的霉菌毒素及其防制措施

霉菌毒素是由真菌或霉菌产生的次级代谢产物,在动物体中,霉菌毒素的毒性是慢性的,很少引起动物死亡。但是霉菌毒素的存在降低了饲料的营养价值,以及动物的生产性能,从而影响生产力,且霉菌毒素在畜产品(肉、奶等)中的残留会给人类健康带来严重威胁。作者主要介绍了饲料中常见的霉菌毒素(黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、T-2毒素、伏马菌素等),以及其毒性和危害,并从预防与去毒两个方面,阐述了霉菌毒素的防制措施,进而减少霉菌毒素造成的危害。