我国营林机械的发展(三)——抚育机械设备

介绍了抚育机械设备的主要种类及其发展,分析了各种机械的特点及适用场合。     

An in vivo analysis of the therapeutic and synergistic properties of Chinese medicinal formula Yin-Chen-Hao-Tang based on its active constituents

6,7-Dimethylesculetin (D), geniposide (G) and rhein (R) are the three major active ingredients of Yin-Chen-Hao-Tang (YCHT), a famous Chinese herbal formula, which has been shown to be clinically effective for treating hepatic injury (HI) syndrome. The present study was conducted to investigate the therapeutic and synergistic effects of COC (combination of D, G and R) on HI rats by combining pharmacokinetic with biochemical analysis strategy. Plasma was analyzed by using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models were built to evaluate the therapeutic and synergistic effects of COC at the biochemical level. Here, we report that the COC combination could increase the plasma level, slow elimination rate, exert a more robust therapeutic effect than any one or two of the three individual compounds by hitting multiple targets in a rat model of HI. Overall, this beneficially accounts for the popular view that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula usually takes multi-component to exert their therapeutic effects. We suggest that dissecting the mode of action of clinically effective formula to be capable of producing a sufficient effect at low doses.     

橡胶树花药愈伤组织继代培养与胚状体发生能力研究

利用橡胶树花药愈伤组织进行继代培养与胚状体诱导,结果表明,在诱导愈伤组织、继代培养和分化胚状体中MS培养基稍优于改良MS培养基;以继代1代的愈伤组织胚状体的诱导率最高,分别达到70.8%和67.5%;在继代0代、2代和3代之间差异达到极显著,在继代4代时差异达到显著,其他继代次数之间差异不显著。在继代8代后,两种培养基的诱导率逐渐升高,分别达到44.6%和35.3%。     

基于RS与GIS分析广州市热岛空间格局与规划对策

在全球高速城市化的背景下,城市热岛被认为是主导整个城市环境的要素之一,对城市公共健康、空气质量、能源消耗等方面已产生深远影响。项目组利用2008年3月4日Landsat TM影像对广州市地表温度和土地覆盖进行解译,分析了地表温度与地形、地表覆盖等之间的关系。结果表明,广州市热岛总体呈现＂带状、多中心＂的空间分布特征,建筑密集区平均地表温度为22.16 ℃,分别高出水体4.23 ℃、绿地2.65 ℃,是城市热岛最为集中分布的土地类型。项目组因此提出了构筑生态廊道,优化城市空间布局,提高城市绿地覆盖率,增加水体面积以及发展可再生绿色能源,减少人为热的排放量等减缓对策,为广州市城市生态规划提供了科学依据,为城市人居环境质量改善提供技术支持。     

大兴安岭兴安落叶松林林隙更新研究

研究了大兴安岭地区不同林型林隙的更新密度、边缘木数量及形成原因,结果表明:1)林隙一般由11~24株落叶松、白桦所形成,平均为16.94株;形成方式主要有立枯、折干和拔根倒,11.8%为折干,35.3%为立枯,41.2%为拔根倒。2)林隙所在坡位中58.9%为中下和下坡位,41.1%为中上坡位。3)在杜香-落叶松林、草类-落叶松林和藓类-落叶松林更新密度所受到的制约因子不同,杜香-落叶松林的林隙更新主要受坡度的影响,草类-落叶松林的林隙更新主要受长短轴比的影响,藓类-落叶松林的林隙更新主要受边缘木数量的影响。     

一种新型的牡丹各持资源——牡丹高代杂种

牡丹高代杂种属于牡丹革质花盘亚组与肉质花盘亚组间的远缘杂种,在育种及应用领域有着巨大潜力。本文介绍了牡丹高代杂种的育种历史、生物学特性,并结合我国牡丹种质资源的特点,阐述了牡丹高代杂种在我国的科学价值和应用前景。     

基于Google Earth Engine的典型峰丛洼地石漠化时空演变与驱动因子分析——以西畴县为例

石漠化是岩溶地区阻碍经济可持续发展、影响生态环境的重大问题,随着近几十年石漠化治理的开展,石漠化扩张的趋势已经得到了极大遏制。以我国典型峰丛洼地地貌的云南省文山州西畴县为研究区,基于遥感云计算平台Google Earth Engine(GEE)以1990年、2000年、2010年、2020年四期Landsat遥感影像为数据源,利用转移矩阵分析西畴县近30年石漠化动态变化,并采用地理探测器分析了西畴县石漠化形成的驱动因子。主要结论如下:(1)30年间西畴县石漠化演变总体呈现先小幅减少,再扩张,然后大幅减少的趋势,从时间上来看1990—2000年,石漠化类型转变主要是轻度和潜在石漠化向无石漠化转移,2000—2010年石漠化类型转变主要是无石漠化向潜在和轻度石漠化转移,2010—2020年石漠化类型转变主要是潜在、轻度和中度石漠化向无石漠化转移; 从空间上来看,西畴县石漠化分布北重南轻,在石漠化治理成效上,整体都呈现好转,石漠化改善面积为850.183 km²,在莲花塘乡西北部、新马街乡的东北部、鸡街乡和西洒镇的交界处也存在零星恶化,恶化面积为51.715 km²。(2)1990—2020年30年间,西畴县石漠化治理取得了巨大成效,到2020年西畴县无石漠化土地面积已经达到940.854 km²,共有648.476 km²的石漠化土地转化成无石漠化土地;(3)地理探测器分析结果表明西畴县石漠化形成的主要驱动因子为坡度和GDP交互作用(q=0.645),人口密度和GDP交互作用(q=0.639)这两对组合。(4)通过编程在遥感计算云平台Google Earth Engine(GEE)上在线获取和处理遥感数据,可以较大限度地提高工作效率。利用云计算实现石漠化表征因子的提取,解决相关地学问题,可为后续相关研究提供强有力的技术支撑。     

Ecosystem services provided by heavy metal-contaminated soils in China

Purpose

Soils provide a variety of ecosystem services (ESs) that are crucial to food security, water security, energy security, climate change abatement, and biodiversity, especially in densely populated countries such as China. At present, China is facing great challenges from serious soil heavy metal (HM) contamination which has damaged soil ESs and soil security. In this paper, we evaluate the ESs that contaminated soils can potentially provide before and after remediation, and we explore the connections between these ESs and the achievement of soil security in China.

Materials and methods

After an introduction to the concepts of ESs and soil security and a review of the current status of soil HM contamination in China, the ESs that can potentially be provided by HM-contaminated soils are discussed. Finally, we discuss the current remediation status of HM-contaminated soils from the standpoint of optimizing the ability of these soils to provide ESs.

Results and discussion

The status of the provision of ESs by HM-contaminated soils of croplands, brownfields, and mining wastelands is described in detail. Contaminated cropland soils fail to provide provisioning (e.g., food production), cultural, and regulating services, while the regulating and supporting services of brownfield soils are greatly reduced. The ESs of mining wasteland soils have been severely damaged, resulting in a high potential for contamination of surrounding ecosystems. Recent soil remediation projects have demonstrated that the damaged ESs of HM-contaminated soils can be restored, which would enhance Chinese soil security. However, it has often been the case that only visible ESs (e.g., food production and vegetation cover) are addressed, while other less noticeable but important services (e.g., water quality and biodiversity) are neglected. Therefore, we propose a framework for the evaluation of ESs provided by HM-contaminated soils.

Conclusions

The ESs that could potentially be provided by HM-contaminated soils would help to achieve soil security in China, not only by improving food security, water security, and energy security but also by helping to protect soil biodiversity and abate global climate change. The ESs provided by HM-contaminated soils should be taken into account in soil policy and management systems as well as by the remediation industry.

     

基于水土流失敏感性的岩溶地区景观生态风险评价——以黔南州为例

为揭示岩溶地区水土流失与生态格局的相关性,分析水土流失敏感性背景下景观生态风险的空间特征。以黔南州为研究对象,融合RUSLE模型和ERI评价方法,在分析水土流失敏感性的基础上,对县域尺度的景观生态风险进行了定量化评价。结果表明:（1） 黔南州水土流失敏感性以中度、轻度和低敏感区为主,其总面积为22 974.42 km²,比重达88.86%,但重度、极度敏感区面积仅占11.14%,且降水侵蚀力、地表起伏度和石漠化等级的空间相关性高。（2） 低生态风险区主要由水土流失轻度、不敏感区构成,耕地面积比重大（72.07%）,高生态风险区则以中度、重度敏感区为主,且建设用地面积比重大,说明水土流失敏感性就越高,则区域生态风险越高。上述研究表明,从水土流失敏感性的角度评价景观生态风险,融合了景观格局和水土流失状况等信息,不仅丰富了区域生态风险评价方法,也为区域生态保护与修复提供了决策依据。     

辐照降解中草药中氨基甲酸酯和有机磷残留

为了对中草药中残留农药的去除提供新的方法和依据,本文研究了辐照剂量、含水量等不同因子对人参中氨基甲酸酯及有机磷农药去除率的影响,同时探讨了白茯苓等不同中草药基质中两类农药同一剂量辐照的去除效果。结果表明:电子束辐照可有效加速氨基甲酸酯和有机磷农药残留的降解;低剂量辐照下的农药降解不如高剂量的效果明显,农药辐照降解率随着辐照剂量的增大呈增加的趋势,并在4～10 kGy区间内有波动;在不同的中草药基质中,有机磷农药降解效果普遍优于氨基甲酸酯农药。