Effects of tea saponins on rumen microbiota,rumen fermentation,methane production and growth performance—a review

Reducing methane emission from ruminant animals has implications not only for global environmental protection but also for efficient animal production. Tea saponins (TS) extracted from seeds, leaves or roots of tea plant are pentacyclic triterpenes. They have a lasting antiprotozoal effect, but little effect on the methanogen population in sheep. There was no significant correlation between the protozoa counts and methanogens. The TS decreased methanogen activity. It seems that TS influenced the activity of the methanogens indirectly via the depressed ciliate protozoal population. The TS addition decreased fungal population in the medium containing rumen liquor in in vitro fermentation, but no such effect was observed in the rumen liquor of sheep fed TS. Tea saponins had a minor effect on the pattern of rumen fermentation and hence on nutrient digestion. When added at 3 g/day in diets, TS could improve daily weight gain and feed efficiency in goats. No positive associative effect existed between TS and disodium fumarate or soybean oil on methane suppression. Inclusion of TS in diets may be an effective way for improving feed efficiency in ruminants.     

四川省动物性食品源金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性分析

近年食源致病菌的耐药性引起重视,为了解四川省动物性食品源金黄色葡萄球菌(SA)的耐药情况,本试验采用NCCLS推荐的肉汤微量稀释法,对源自四川省动物性食品中的113株SA进行了25种抗生素(组合)的敏感性试验.结果:SA对青霉素G(93.81%)、氨苄两林(92.92%)、甲氧苄啶(92.92%)和磺胺异噁唑(88.5%)的耐药率很高;所有菌株均对苯唑西林.头孢类(先锋唑啉、头孢曲松、头孢噻呋),阿米卡星,强力霉素,喹诺酮类(恩诺沙星、洛美沙星、诺氟沙星)敏感;对其他药物不同程度耐药;113株SA对25种抗生素(组合)共产生了47种耐药谱,主要对青霉索类、磺胺类和大环内酯类表现出多重耐药.四川省动物件食品源SA耐药情况与其他地区的差异不明显,没有检测出耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌.     

不同宿主来源犬瘟热病毒的分离及致病相关基因序列分析

利用Vero-DST细胞从死亡犬、狐狸肺、脾内分离到4株犬瘟热病毒-CDV-TM-CC、CDV-Dog-SCh、CDV-Fox-SY、CDV-Fox-WF,在Vero-DST细胞上传5代没有细胞病变,5代细胞培养物经电镜、间接免疫荧光及PCR鉴定为阳性。与本实验室保存的CDV-Monkey-BJ进行基因测序,并对与致病相关的F蛋白、V蛋白进行分析,F蛋白分析5株毒具有6个潜在N-末端糖基化位点,与强毒株同源性在92%～99.7%,与疫苗株不高于93.3%,在F1亚基内有7个特有氨基酸位点,这可能与其对灵长类致病有关。V蛋白分析表明,其与强毒株同源性在94%～99.7%之间,而与疫苗株不高于93.3%,CDV-Monkey-BJ C272R突变使其Zn结合能力丧失。试验结果显示,所有分离株均为强毒株,不同宿主毒株序列存在差异,值得进一步研究。     

生物芯片技术研究进展

生物芯片是指通过微电子、微加工技术在芯片表面构建的微型生物化学分析系统,以实现对细胞、DNA、蛋白质、组织、糖类及其他生物组分进行快速、敏感、高效的处理和分析,是近些年来发展迅速的一项高新技术。生物芯片主要包括基因芯片、蛋白质芯片、组织芯片等。作者主要概述了生物芯片技术的研究进展及在各个领域内的应用。     

2,4-D和6-BA组合配比对金达苜蓿愈伤组织诱导与分化的影响

为了建立一个高效的金达苜蓿(Medicago sativa L. cv. Jinda)组织培养再生体系,我们以金达苜蓿无菌苗的胚轴上段、下段、子叶为外植体,进行了2,4-D和6-BA不同组合配比对愈伤组织诱导和胚性愈伤组织及胚状体分化的影响,这对其以后建立遗传转化体系具有重要的意义。结果表明:胚轴上、下段和子叶是很好的诱导愈伤组织的外植体;在MSO胚状体诱导培养基上,分化出胚性愈伤组织的最佳2,4-D、6-BA剂量配比为8:0.2,成苗培养基为MSO+30 g/L蔗糖+6 g/L琼脂。     

奶牛酮病红细胞膜上ATP酶活性变化的研究

为了深入研究酮病的发生机理,选择荷斯坦奶牛作为实验动物,应用酮粉法和改良式水杨醛比色法随机检测分组,Ⅰ组为10头对照牛、Ⅱ组为10 头阳性牛。应用试剂盒比色法测定红细胞膜上ATPase 的活性变化。结果表明,阳性组和对照组相比,红细胞膜上ATPase的活性显著下降(P <0.05)。说明奶牛酮病影响红细胞膜上ATPase的活性变化。     

多效唑对高羊茅叶片糖酶活性的影响

高羊茅草坪草施用多效唑后，叶片的垂直生长受抑，叶片光合同化物向根系运输增强，叶片和根系中淀粉及可溶性糖含量升高。数据表明：叶片中淀粉含量与淀粉酶活性呈正相关（r=0.88)。，另外，叶片中酸性转化酶活性增加，但中性转化酶活性降低，且叶片中可溶性碳水化合物含量一直维持在较高水平，说明酸性转化酶在多效唑对草坪草叶片垂直生长的调节中起重要作用。草坪草生长动态的变化与多效唑改变碳水化合物代谢酶活性有关。可溶性糖的积累有利于增强草坪草抗逆性，促进新器官的发生。     

Effects of Momordica grosvenori Saponins on Type 2 Diabetes Rats Induced by High-sucrose/High-fat Diet and Streptozotocin

The purpose of the experiment was to study the effect of Momordica grosvenori saponins on improving the effect of high-sucrose/high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetes in rats.The type 2 diabetes rat model was established with a high-sucrose and high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin.Successfully modeled rats were given the total saponins of Momordica grosvenori (100,200,400 mg/kg) or metformin (268 mg/kg) by gavage,once a day for 4 weeks.Recording the "three more and one less"index (24 h internal urine output,water intake and feed intake,body weight);Detecting of biochemical indicators,analysis of fasting blood glucose (FBG),serum total cholesterol (TC),triglycerides (TG),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C),insulin (INS),catalase (CAT),superoxide dismutase (SOD),malondialdehyde (MDA),alanine aminotransferase (AST),aspartate aminotransferase (ALT),blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) levels.Hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) was used to observe the pathological changes of the pancreas.Compared with the model group,the feed intake,water intake,urine output,blood indicators FBG,INS,MDA,TC,TG,BUN and Cr levels,AST and ALT activities were significantly or extremely significantly decreased in the total saponins of Momordica grosvenori each dose group and metformin group (P<0.05;P<0.01),while CAT,SOD activities and HDL-C level were significantly or extremely significantly increased (P<0.05;P<0.01).In pancreatic tissue,the number of pancreatic cells was increased significantly,and the pathological damage of the pancreas was significantly reduced. Momordica grosvenori saponins and metformin had obvious effects on improving glucose metabolism disorders,and at the same time could significantly reduce insulin resistance,enhance the body’s ability to resist oxidative stress and improve liver and kidney functions.     

洞庭湖湿地虉草替代大白菜对肉兔生产性能的影响

试验采用48只青年期(40～45日龄、体重约800 g)发育良好、健康无病的新西兰肉兔,随机分为4组:1组饲喂基础日粮,2～4组分别用占日粮5%,15%和25%的虉草Phalaris arundinacea代替日粮中等量的大白菜,试验期35 d.试验结果表明:各组间兔的日增重、屠宰率、料肉比等指标差异均不显著(P＞0.05),可见虉草代替大白菜不影响兔的生长,以15%的替代量的3组增重效果最佳,经济效益最好.     

海洋生态资本理论框架下海洋生物资源的存量评估

海洋生态资本是能够直接或间接作用于人类社会经济生产、提供有用的产品流或服务流的海洋生态资源.海洋生态资源包括海洋生物资源及其生境资源.海洋生态资源的存量价值由海洋生物资源存量价值和海洋生境资源存量价值构成.针对我国海洋生物资源的特征,在海洋生态资本理论框架下,提出了鱼类、贝类、甲壳类、头足类、大型海藻等主要海洋生物资源的存量价值评估技术方法,包括物质量评估和价值量评估.探讨了海洋生物资源单位价格确定、评估价值修正、评估方法的适用性、成本扣除等问题.