改性玉米芯活性炭对镉的吸附性能研究

利用农业固体废物玉米芯作原料制备了活性炭,通过吸附热力学和吸附动力学过程,探讨了改性玉米芯活性炭对Cd²⁺模拟废水的吸附性能研究,以及考察了溶液pH值、活性炭投加量和温度对活性炭吸附Cd²⁺的影响。研究结果表明:磷酸改性600℃下裂解的活性炭吸附能力最好;改性玉米芯活性炭对Cd²⁺的吸附等温线更符合Freundlich模型;改性玉米芯活性炭对Cd²⁺的吸附动力学过程用准二级动力学模型能更好地拟合;经过单因素影响试验的研究表明,溶液初始pH值为6、活性炭投加量为0.01g、吸附温度为40℃时,活性炭的吸附效果最好。     

2CZD-1型段茎式甘蔗种植机设计与试验

研制了2CZD-1型段茎式甘蔗种植机,可一次性完成甘蔗种植的开沟、施肥、自动取种、自动排种、覆土和覆膜等工序,适用于宽窄行甘蔗种植。设计了机架、取送种机构、转盘施肥机构、旋耕覆土机构、覆膜机构和液压传动系统等结构,其中取送种机构采用排冗结构实现均匀排种。利用有限元分析软件ANSYS对甘蔗种植机的机架进行模态分析,并通过田间试验获得甘蔗种植机的覆土厚度合格率、种植密度、伤芽率、漏植率及总排肥量稳定性变异系数等性能参数。模拟结果表明,当激励频率为8~80 Hz时,机架容易发生共振,且最大位移可达28.12 mm。田间试验表明,该种植机的种植密度为142325芽/hm^2,覆土厚度合格率为93.6%,伤芽率为2.8%,漏植率为4.7%,种植深度合格率为89.3%,总排肥量稳定性变异系数为5.8%,工作生产率为0.32 hm2/h,符合甘蔗种植机的设计要求,能够显著提高甘蔗种植的效率。     

臭氧结合拮抗酵母对草莓采后灰霉病的控制

为了寻找一种能够代替化学杀菌剂控制草莓采后病害的方法,试验研究了臭氧与罗伦隐球酵母（Cryptococcus laurentii (Ku?erath) Skinner）结合使用对草莓采后灰霉病的控制效果的影响。研究表明,臭氧处理能显著降低草莓采后灰霉病发病率、抑制草莓水果伤口处致病菌数目和抑制霉菌孢子的萌发。经过2 d的贮藏,臭氧处理与罗伦隐球酵母结合使用草莓灰霉病的发病率为29.63%,显著低于对照处理（70.37%）,同时也低于臭氧处理及罗伦隐球酵母单独处理的发病率（分别为48.15%和44.44%）。在20℃和4℃下培养,罗伦隐球酵母在水果伤口处能迅速地增长,并持续保持较高水平。臭氧处理与罗伦隐球酵母结合处理能诱导草莓果实的多酚氧化酶（PPO）、过氧化物酶（POD）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和b-1,3-葡聚糖酶（GLU）活性的提高,同时可以抑制脂氧合酶（LOX）活性的增加。     

Initial Expenmen Report on Hogh-yield Cultivation of Straw Mushrooms

比较草菇栽培料三种配方的生产效益，评价了五个主栽草菇品种的生产效益，结果表明:（1） V979 、V65、VP53、V23、V02五个品种的生物转化率分别为39.8%、38.5%、35.7%、30.5%、25.9%；（2） V979、V965耐低温，可在低温（15~25℃）下正常栽培；（3）原料配比：玉米秆 90%＋5%碎麦秸＋5%草木灰，对五种草菇均有增产效果，且原料来源广、成本低。     

低温胁迫对不同品种果蔗膜脂过氧化及渗透调节物质的影响

以4个引种果蔗品种幼苗叶片为试验材料,采用人工模拟低温环境对其进行低温胁迫,测定各品种叶片的相对电导率,丙二醛（MDA）、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量。结果表明,随处理时间的延长,4个引种果蔗品种幼苗叶片的相对电导率一直保持升高的趋势;MDA含量呈先显著升高后降低的趋势,分别在第7天和第10天达到最大值,顺序均为川蔗26号>拔地拉>闽引黄皮果蔗>桂果蔗1号。低温胁迫下,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸含量呈上升趋势。随着低温处理时间的延长,叶片中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量明显增加。低温处理初期,脯氨酸含量急剧上升,随着处理时间延长脯氨酸含量开始缓慢降低,但整个过程中脯氨酸含量始终保持在较高水平。各项指标测定结果显示,4个引种果蔗品种的耐寒性表现为桂果蔗1号>闽引黄皮果蔗>拔地拉>川蔗26号。     

紫肉甘薯新品种广紫薯1号空间诱变改良效果初步分析

为培育超亲的高淀粉或高花青素含量的甘薯新品种, 甘薯品种广紫薯 1 号 5 个不同世代组培材料, 于2006 年 9 月 9～24 日搭载中国实践八号航天育种卫星, 进行空间诱变处理。 2008 年田间种植试验结果表明, 经空间诱变处理, 大中薯率显著提高, 薯块有显著的增产趋势, 特别是航 1 与航 4 两个株系比对照增产极显著或显著, 而其它主要经济性状变化不显著。     

EDC/NHS crosslinked electrospun regenerated tussah silk fibroin nanofiber mats

The tussah silk fibroin (TSF) nanofibers with 611 nm diameters were prepared by electrospinning with the solvent hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP). And then, the TSF nanofibers were crosslinked by 1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide/N-Hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS) crosslinking agent. The morphology and microstructure of the crosslinked TSF nanofibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared analysis (FTIR), X-ray diffraction, Instron electronic strength tester, and cell culture. After treatment with EDC/NHS crosslinking agent, the TSF nanofibers swelled and its average diameter increased from 611 to 841 nm. FTIR and X-ray diffraction results demonstrated that random coil, ??-helix, and ??-sheet co-existed in the TSF nanofiber mats, but the content of ??-sheet increased from 25.26 to 45.34 %, and the random coil content decreased from 32.47 to 24.94 %. Compared with the electrospun pure TSF nanofiber mats, the crosslinked TSF nanofiber mats exhibited a lower breaking tenacity and initial modulus, which were 5.51 MPa and 9.86 MPa, respectively. At the same time, the extension at break of the crosslinked TSF nanofiber achieved 109.38 %. In cell culture evaluation, the crosslinked TSF nanofibers were found to support cell adhesion and spreading fibroblast L373 and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), which had potential utility in a range of tissue engineering.     

中国东北地区中长期畜禽粪尿资源与污染潜势估算

规模化畜牧业、农牧分离等引起了一系列问题,尤其是饲养方式改变后,畜禽粪尿养分的循环和处理最值得关注。该文利用统计资料和文献数据,估算了东北三省畜禽粪尿产生量及其中的氮磷养分和COD含量,在此基础上评价和预测了2002～2020年畜禽粪尿资源及其环境风险。结果表明,2003年辽宁省、吉林省、黑龙江省畜禽粪尿耕地承载量分别为24、20、11 t/hm²,耕地畜禽粪尿承载量在空间上分布极不平衡。2003年,辽宁省、吉林省、黑龙江省禽粪尿排泄物进入水体的COD数量占畜禽粪尿、工业、生活排放COD总量的52％、65％、40％。预测表明,2010年、2020年畜禽养殖业对东北三省环境污染的风险将进一步扩大。因此,需要制定相应的政策法规来控制畜禽粪尿污染。     

Distribution of heavy metals in soils of the Yellow River Delta: concentrations in different soil horizons and source identification

Purpose

The Yellow River Delta, an active land-ocean interaction area, will develop into a large eco-economic region in East China during the coming decade. It is necessary to assess the geochemical features of heavy metals in the soils. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the concentrations and distribution of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd) in soil profiles of the area and to identify their sources.

Materials and methods

Horizon samples were collected based on pedogenic features from bottom to top in each profile to a depth of 120 cm and a total of 92 samples were collected. The sampling sites were grouped into four lines from inland to coastal area with three land use types (cotton field, cereal field, and wetland). The concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd were measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Iron oxide fractions in the soil were extracted by oxalate-oxalic acid and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine the mineral composition of the soils. Multivariate statistical analysis and historical data were employed to identify the possible sources of these heavy metals.

Results and discussion

The mean concentrations of heavy metals were elevated along the Yellow River region and in the southern part of the delta; however, they were generally lower than the Chinese guideline values. As for the depth distribution of heavy metals in soil profiles, the maximum values of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Cd in middle horizon of cotton field were almost twice than those in surface horizon. The iron oxides and XRD analysis indicated that the trace elements accumulation appeared to be related with the contents of crystalline iron oxide and layer silicates. Historical data from suspended sediments of the Yellow River and principal component analysis (PCA) implied that most of the metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn) were sourced from natural alluviation and sedimentation.

Conclusions

The Yellow River Delta soils were slightly polluted by heavy metals the Yellow River Delta. The special pedogenic horizon characterized by higher iron oxides and layered silicates minerals in the middle and lower part of the soil profile was found with heavy metals enrichment, which required to be studied further. Suspended sediments transported by the Yellow River were suggested to be one of the major sources for the heavy metals accumulation in the basal soils of this region.     

氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂及其与阿维菌素的混配制剂对美洲斑潜蝇(Diptera:Agromyzidae)的防治效果

测定了扑蚜威、速灭威、灭蚜威、间乙威等9个氨基甲酸酯类化合物及其 与阿维菌素混剂对美洲斑潜蝇的田间药效，结果发现，当施用有效量0.75 kg/hm2时，氨 基甲酸酯类单剂对美洲斑潜蝇的防效在75%～92%之间，而扑蚜威、速灭威、灭蚜威与阿维菌 素混剂对该蝇的防效可达85%～92%。表明，氨基甲酸酯类化合物与阿维菌素混配对美洲斑潜 蝇田间防效、速效性均较好，且成本显著降低。